CRANIOLOGY OF PEOPLE OF INDIA. 723 



with a capacity of 1250 c.c, whilst the mean of the seven men was 1501 c.c, which is 

 much above the average of savage or barbarous people, corresponding indeed to the 

 European mean. If Thane's males are, however, computed along with my series of 

 males, the mean capacity is reduced to 1464 c.c, a measurement which is also high for 

 a tribe of savages. 



In the preceding narrative it will have been noticed that explorers in the hill 

 ranges occupied by the Lushais (Kukis) and Nagas have recognised differences in the 

 physical characters of these people. Sir James Johnstone, for example, definitely states 

 that they are readily distinguishable from each other. There is, however, a general 

 consensus that their narrow oblique eyes, flat broad faces, high cheek bones, flat noses, 

 skin of various shades of brown, inclining, sometimes to copper colour, long straight 

 black hair, and scanty beard and moustache, are Mongolian characters. Colonel Lewin, 

 however, in both his works asserts that the Lushais do not exhibit the Mongolian type 

 of feature, and he compares them with Portuguese half-castes. Woodthorpe speaks 

 of some of the Angami Nagas as having aquiline features and a complexion so fair that 

 the cheeks show a rudd} 7 glow. 



It would seem, therefore, whilst the Mongolian type of feature prevails, that depar- 

 tures from that type do occur with sufficient frequency to be noticeable. The study 

 of the skulls proves that they also possess some diversities of character. Though the 

 majority of specimens in the Chin-Lushai group and in the Nagas were dolichocephalic 

 or approximated thereto, in both the Lushais and Nagas two distinctly brachycephalic 

 crania were met with, though in the series of Chins 77 '5 was the highest index of 

 breadth. Both groups, however, were alike in the absence of a marked projection of the 

 upper jaw : in both, the face was wide in relation to its height, and the complete index 

 was chaniseprosopic ; the nose was not prominent, and the mean nasal index in both 

 groups was mesorhine and the orbital index was megaseme. Their facial characters were 

 therefore closely allied, and testify to a corresponding physiognomy. As regards the 

 breadth of the face, the mean interzygomatic diameter of ten Lushai-Chin skulls was 

 1277 mm., and that of seven Nagas was 133 mm., as compared with 1306, the mean 

 of the same diameter in thirteen Chinese crania in the collection, and 131-5, the mean 

 of four Siamese skulls. The Nagas, therefore, in absolute width of face surpassed the 

 Chinese and Siamese which I have measured. In the Nagas the mean capacity of the 

 crania was distinctly higher than in the Chin-Lushai series. 



As the best marked Mongolian races are either definitely brachycephalic or in the 

 higher terms of the mesaticephalic group, it is interesting to note that these hill tribes, 

 with a prevailing type of Mongolian feature, possessed crania in which brachycephalism 

 is the exception, and where the customary form of skull is dolichocephalic or approxi- 

 mating thereto. It would seem, therefore, that the Mongolian character of face is 

 not necessarily associated with only one type of cranium. 



