738 PROFESSOR SIR W. TURNER ON 



the floor of the nose by a long ridge ; the nasal spine was moderate. The orbital index 

 was mesoseme. The interzygomatic breadth, 140 mm., was a feature in the face, and 

 both the entire facial and upper facial indices were chama3prosopic. The cranial 

 capacity was moderate, 1410 c.c. Owing to the extensive senile obliteration of the 

 sutures, nothing can be said as to Wormian or epipteric bones. 



The skull shows no material difference from the Burmese type, so that although a 

 Mahommedan in religion he was probably of the Burmese race. 



The skull marked Karen from the jail at Insein was that of a man named Here, aged 

 twenty-three, 5 ft. If in. in height. In the relation of length to breadth it was 

 brachycephalic, and the vertical index was distinctly below the length -breadth index. 

 The outline in the norma verticalis was broadly ovoid, and the parieto-occipital slope 

 was not so steep as to suggest artificial flattening in that region. The cranium was 

 moderately capacious, and contained 1420 c.c. The skull was cryptozygous. The 

 forehead was full, sloping moderately backwards, and the glabella and supra-orbital 

 ridges projected very slightly. The nasal bridge was elongated, concave, not depressed 

 at the root, and slightly projecting below ; the nose in its proportions was mesorhine. 

 The nasal spine of the superior maxilla? was small, and the incisive region was continued 

 into the floor of the nose by a smooth surface. The basi-nasal and basi- alveolar 

 diameters were equal and the upper jaw was mesognathous. In its dimensions the 

 orbit was microseme. The entire face in the relations of length and breadth was 

 chamseprosopic, but the upper face was leptoprosopic. The interzygomatic breadth, 

 121 mm., was relatively small. The ossification of the cranium was normal. 



So far as a single skull can enable one to express an opinion on the cranial characters 

 of a people, it would appear that the Karens are a brachycephalic race. This view of 

 the proportion of the breadth to the length of the cranium is borne out by two male 

 skulls marked Karen, the measurements of which are recorded in Sir Wm. Flower's 

 Catalogue of the Museum of the College of Surgeons. In one the length-breadth index 

 was 82*9, in the other 79*2. It should be stated that in both of these the height of 

 the cranium exceeded the breadth. The mean gnathic index was 98 "5. 



The collection from Insein contained the skull of a man marked Shan, named Ko 

 Nanda, whose height is given as 5 ft. 5 in. His death was caused by a fracture of 

 the skull. I have also had the opportunity of examining the skull of another Shan 

 named Nga To, said to be twenty-seven years of age, a native of Yunnan, now in 

 Professor Cunningham's Museum. These skulls differed from each other in some 

 particulars. Nanda was brachycephalic, 80'6, without artificial parieto-occipita] 

 flattening ; Nga To, again, was in the higher term of the mesaticephalic series. In 

 Nanda the height of the cranium was less than the breadth, but in To the height 

 materially exceeded the breadth. In both skulls the basi-nasal length exceeded the 

 ba si -alveolar, and there was no prognathism. In Nanda the glabella and supra-orbital 

 ridges were feeble, and in To moderately projecting ; the nasal bridge was concave, 

 elongated, not depressed at the root, and projecting slightly forward below. The nasal 



