Book I. 0%&£1T HO LO §T. 9 



The outlet of the channel from the Gaul to the guts in mod Birds is a great way Thepaifoge 

 diftant from the ftomach : becaufe f fay fome ) they'do not make water, andfo there ° f SeS" 1 

 is more fluid matter mingled with their Excrements. For the ufeof theCaul is partly Theuflof the 

 to attenuate and make fluid the Excrements, partly by its acrimony to ftimulate th Gaul - 

 guts, and provoke Excretion. But upon this account there mould rather be lefs need 

 of Gau], Birds therefore being now known to have large reins, and to avoid Urine 

 with their harder Excrements 5 their Excrements alfo, excepting thofe of the carni- 

 vorous kind, being not very fluid, confidering the quantity of Urine mingled with 

 them, perchance the Gaul-channel may enter the gut .at fuch diftance from the fto- 

 mach, for no other reafon than left the Gaul ihould regurgitate into it. In ver y many 

 Birds the paflage from the Gaul-bladder and the *Porus bilarius do not concur in one * The P!P C 

 common channel, but penetrate the gut feverally at a good diftance the one from the 3« g«J %£ 



Other. tr >e Liver to 



All Birds though they want a bladder for Urine, yet have they large reins and ure- the Gucs ' 

 ters by which the Urine is carried away. Birds ( faith * Dr. Harvey ) and Serpents, Birds have 

 which have f^ungy lungs, make but little fore of water, becaufe they drink.but little, and MtfVSfcs^ 

 that by (ipping 5 and fome of them, #f Eagles, not at all; and therefore they have noticed * of tht&m- 

 ofa bladder 5 but their Urine dijiils down into the common fewer or (inkff_ Cloaca ] de\ign- r *t*f Jnimals* 

 ed alfo for receiving the Excrements of the belly, and being therewith mingled, both are 

 caji out together. This Urine of Birds differs from that of other Animals : for whereas there 

 are in Urine two parts, one more ferows and liquid, the other more thicks andgrofs, which Tvvo parts in 

 is called thefediment \_ hypoftafis ] andfubfides or fettles to the bottom, when the 'Urine is nnc * 

 cool. Birds ( contrary to viviparous Animals ) have the greateji quantity of this thh\ 

 part, which is diftinguified from the other by its white or fiver colour, and found not only 

 in the common (ink.( where it abounds J) and daubs or fmears over the exrements of the belly, 

 but in the whole channel of the Ureters, which maybe diflinguifhtd from the coats of the 

 Kidneys by this whit enefs. Neither fr this gr offer matter defending from the reins to be 

 Jeen in Birds alone, but alfo in Serpents, and other oviparous Animals ; ejjjecially thofe 

 whofe Egg is covered with a bard fell. They have alfo greater plenty of this than of the more 

 ferous and thin part :, which is of a. middle confluence betweenthichjirine and dung'*, fo that 

 faffing through the Ureters itrefembles milk, curdled or lightly condenfed 5 and being caji 

 forth eaftly congedles into a friable cruf. See more of this matter in Harvey, De Generate 

 Animal. Exercit. 11. The Ancients taking it for granted that Birds make no Urine, 

 affigned this reafon thereof, That allthefuperfluous moifture was fyent in nouripingihe 

 feathers. 



All Birds thatl have hitherto diffe&ed have a double Pancreas, which fome call the The Ea ncreas. 

 Sweet-bread, in Quadrupeds. 



Theftones of Cock-birds are deeply withdrawn within the cavity of the body, be- TheTeflicies; 

 ing faftned to the back juft beneath the Liver. In the Spring time when they are full 

 of Sperm they fwellto twice or thrice the bignefs they are of in the Winter. 



In fome whole-footed broad-billed birds and Divers the Windpipe ends in a kind The ve ^ el of 

 of Veflelmadeup of bones and intermediate membranes, being in divers birds of a 'Spcor ii 

 different figure 5 from which arife the two branches going to each fide of the Lungs, byrinth. 

 The bones give the figure and conliftency to this VeiTel, as do the Ribs to the Breaft, 

 and the annulary Cartilages to the Windpipe. In fome birds this Veflel is made up 

 wholly of bone, as in wild Ducks, without any void fpaces to be filled and clofed up 

 with membranes. This VeiTel from the windings of its internal Cavity we are wont 

 to call a Labyrinth. What the ufe thereof is, whether to increafe the force of the 

 Voice, or for a receptacle to contain Air, which may ferve them while they dive, to 

 enable them to continue longer under water, or to perform both thefe offices, or for 

 neither of them, we do not as yet certainly know. That it doth not ferve to intend 

 the Voice, may be gathered from that fome Birds of this Tribe that want it, have a 

 fhrill and vehement Voice. And that it doth not conduce to diving, may be infer- 

 red from that theDouckers (Colymbi) which of all birds dive moft, and continue 

 longeft under water, want it. Since the writing of this we have been allured by an 

 * ingenious obferver of what we did indeed fofpect before, but were not very confi- * Mr.Dwf, 

 dent of, viz,, That thefe VefTels are proper only to the Cocks in the broad-billed or j£^S? r - in 

 Duck-kind 5 but in the Divers Q Mergi ~] common to both fexes, at leaft if we be not 

 mijftaken in our opinion of the difference of fex in thole Birds 5 what we take to differ 

 or^lyinfex, differing fpecifically. 



■ icte '' 



C Chap. 



