46 



FOREST *AND STREAM. 



\ht Hiqnnql 



To Oorrespondekts.— Those desiring Tis to prescribe for their dogs 

 will please take note of and describe the following points in each ani- 

 mal: 



1. Age. 2. Pood and medicine given. 3. Appearance of the eye; 

 of the coat ; of the tongue and lips. 4. Any changes in the appearance 

 of the body, as bloating, drawing in of the flanks, etc. 5. Breathing, 

 the number of respirations per minute, and whether labored or not. 

 6. Condition of the bowels and secretions of the kidneys, color, etc. 7. 

 Appetite ; regular, variable, etc. 8. Temperature of the body as indi- 

 cated by the bulb of the thermometer when placed between the body 

 and the foreleg. 9. Give position of kennel and surroundings, outlook, 

 contiguity to other buildings, and the uses of the latter. Also give auy 

 peculiarities of temperament, movements, etc., that may be noticed ; 

 signs of suffering, etc. 



CANINE THERAPEUTICS AND "PA- 

 THOLOGY— Sixth Paper. 



ANAT0SIT OP THE DOG COMPAHED WITH MAN — TH1BD SECTION. 



The Thymus of the dog is, proportionately, much larger 

 than in man, whereas the glemdulm thyroidea is much less, 

 and is divided into two distinct parts, or there are two separate 

 glands. The reason of this difference is unknown, as is 

 likewise the use of the gland. It is generally noticed that 

 these two glands do thus always supply the place of the 

 other ; that is, in such animals as have a large thymus, the 

 glandula thyroidea is smaller, and vice versa; hence we are 

 naturally led to ascribe the same use to both, viz. : The sepa- 

 ration of thin lymph for diluting the chyle in the thoracic 

 duct before it is poured into the blood. Then, if we consider 

 the difference of formation of the thorax in both dog and 

 man, we easily account for the variety in bulk of these two 

 glands. Respiration in the latter being chiefly performed by 

 the widening of the chest, the lungs at every inspiration must 

 press upon the thymus, and consequently diminish it ; but the 

 diaphragm yielding more to the dog's inspiration, this gland 

 is not so much compressed, and hence will be larger, and con- 

 sequently the thyroidea will be proportionately less. Again, 

 from the posture of the animal, we see that it is much more 

 convenient to have most of the lymph supplied by the thymus, 

 since the neck being frequently in a descending posture, the 

 secretion of the thyroid gland would have a very disadvan- 

 tageous course to reach the thoracic duct ; whereas in man 

 the thymus is really below the lacteal canal when it makes its 

 curvature before opening into the sub-claviam ; consequently 

 it is necessary that the larger share of the diluting fluid be 

 f urnished by the thyroid, which is situated much higher, so 

 that the lymph has the advantage of a perpendicular descent. 

 The thoracic duct of the dog has no curvature before entering 

 the sub-clavian vein, the horizontal position of the animal al- 

 lowing a sufficiently favorable course to the chyle, so as not 

 to demand that turn to force its passage into the blood. It 

 may likewise be observed, that such animals as walk hori- 

 zontally have the valves of this duct fewer in number than 

 others. The horse has but a single pair, while, on the con- 

 trary, the simiae resemble the genus homo in having several. 

 Thus the lymph is not only forwarded in its passage, but the 

 weight of the column is diminished. 



The lungs are divided into more lobes, and deeper, for the 

 same reason as the liver. The left side of the thorax bears a 

 greater proportion to the right than in man, the one being 

 nearly as three to two, and the other as four to three. In 

 quadrupeds as well as in bi-mana, the lungs are closely ap- 

 plied to the containing parts, although this has been denied 

 by some. 



It is a general rule that all quadrupeds which gather their 

 food from the ground are provided with longer necks than 

 man ; but as a long neck not only gives the advantage of too 

 long a lever to the weight of the head, but also, when the an- 

 imal is gathering liis food, places the brain in danger of op- 

 pression from the too free determination of blood, which in 

 its return through the veins, has the disadvantage of remount- 

 ing contrary to its own gravity, it was therefore necessary 

 that a part of the length of the neck should be supplied by an 

 increase in length of jaws. Thus we see horses and cattle, 

 though having no occasion to open their mouths very 

 wide, are yet provided with very long jaws. Bull-dogs, in- 

 deed, and such animals as have occasion for very strong jaws, 

 must of necessity have them short ; for the longer thej r are, 

 the greater the resistance to be overcome. Another exception 

 to the general rule is such animals as are furnished with paws 

 or hands to carry the food to the mouth, as cats, monkeys, 

 etc. 



The teeth show the dog to be of the carnivora, as none are 

 adapted to the grinding of food, but only for tearing and di- 

 viding it. He has six remarkably sharp incisors, and two 

 long caniness posterior, all of which ruminating animals want. 

 These are evidently calculated for laying very firm hold of 

 substances for the purpose of rending them, and the vast 

 strength of the muscles inserted into the lower jaw assists 

 materially in this action, while the pre-molars have sharp 

 edges, calculated for cutting flesh and reducing the hardest 

 bones. Even the molars are not formed with rough, broad 

 surfaces as in man, but are considerably sharper, and press 

 over one another when the mouth is closed, that they may 

 take the firmer hold of what comes between them. 



The tongue, in consequence of the length of the jaws, is 

 elongate ; and as feeding is accomplished with the head in a 

 depending posture, the bolus would always be in danger of 

 falling from the mouth were it not for several prominences or 

 papilla: with which the organ is studded, most numerous at 



its base. These are curved backward in such a manner as to 

 allow anything to pass easily down to the jaws, but prevent 

 its return. By these papillte, also, the surface of the tongue 

 is increased, and a stronger impression made on the sensation 

 of taste. In some animals, who feed on living forms, these 

 "tenter-hooks" are still more conspicuous, as in several 

 large fishes, where they are almost as large as the teeth in the 

 fore-part of the mouth, and nearly as firm and strong. 



When we open the mouth we see the amygdalffi very prom- 

 inent in the posterior part of it, so that it would appear at 

 first view that they were inconveniently placed ; as being con- 

 tinually exposed to injuries from the hard substances the ani- 

 mal continually swallows. But upon closer scrutiny we find 

 this provided for by two membranous capsules, into which 

 the amygdala), when pressed, can escape, removing them- 

 selves from such injuries. The velum -pendulum i 

 sidcrably longer than in man, to prevent the food passing into 

 the nose, which would happen most frequently in the dog be- 

 cause of its situation while feeding. There is no uvula, but 

 the epiglottis, when pressed down, entirely covers the whole 

 rima, and naturally continues so. There is, therefore, a liga- 

 ment, or rather muscle, given off from os-hyoides the and 

 root of the tongue, that is inserted into that part of the epi- 

 glottis where it is articulated with the cricoid cartilage, which 

 serves to raise it from the rima, though not so strongly but 

 that it may with slight force be again replaced. It may be 

 asked, "Why is the uvula wanting here and not in man? It 

 seems that quadrupeds who swallow their food in a horizontal 

 position have no occasion for such, though essential to man in 

 his erect posture. 



In the upper part of the pharynx, behind the cricoid carti- 

 lage, a gland of considerable size is found, which serves not 

 only for the separation of a mucous fluid to lubricate the 

 bolus as it passes this way, but also supplies the place of a 

 valve, preventing the food regurgitating into the mouth, 

 which it would be apt to do by reason of the depending situa- 

 tion of the head. The oesophagus is pretty much the same in 

 both dog and man. It is alleged by some that the gullet of a 

 quadruped is composed of a double row of circular fibres de- 

 cussating one another. This is, however, peeular to rumi- 

 nants alone, who have need of such formation. The action of 

 these may be easily observed in a cow chewing her cud. 



The nose is longer, and its external passage much narrower 

 than in the biped, and the internal structure is much better 

 adapted for an acute sense of smell, having a larger con- 

 vulated surface on which the membi-ana saheideriana 

 is spread; this is observed in most quadrupeds who 

 have the ossa spongiosa large and divided into a great 

 number of thin lamelte. The sensibility seems to be increased 

 in proportion to the surface. The elephant, which has a head 

 large in proportion to the body, has the greatest part of it 

 taken up by the cavity of the nose and frontal sinuses, the lat- 

 ter of which extend over the whole head, leaving but a small 

 cavity for the brain. A very fine sense of smell is not so ab- 

 solutely necessary for man, who has judgment and experience 

 to direct him in the choice of his food, whereas the other ani- 

 mals, who have only their senses, must of necessity have them 

 acute, some having one in greater perfection than others, ac- 

 cording to their different way of life. We not only conclude 

 a priori from the large expanded membrana, scheiderina, that 

 their sense of smell is very acute, but we believe that horses 

 and cattle principally distinguish between noxious and whole- 

 some herbs through it. 



The external ear in each genera of quadrupeds is differently 

 formed, but always calculated to meet; the wants of the ani- 

 mal as demanded by its manner of life. In shape it usually 

 resembles the oblique section of a cone, from near the apex to 

 the base. Hares and such other animals as are daily exposed 

 to danger from beasts of prey, have large ears directed back- 

 ward ; rapacious animals, on the other hand, have these or- 

 gans placed directly forward, as in the lion, cat, etc. The 

 sleuth-hound and other animals that are designed to hear most. 

 distinctly the sounds coming from below, have these appen- 

 dages hanging downward ; or their ears are flexible, for the 

 reason the head is less flexible than in man, and is not readily 

 moved so as to catch the wave sounds. Man, again, who 

 must equally hear sounds coming from all quarters, especially 

 such ns are sent from about his own height, has his externa] 

 ear placed vertically, though slightly turned forward. In 

 short, wherever we see any peculiarity in this organ that has 

 not arisen as deformity, we shall, with very little reflection, 

 discover this form to be better adapted to the animal than any 

 other. The dog also has the power of directing the. cone of 

 the ear to the sonorous body without moving the head. There 

 are some differences to be observed in the structure of the in- 

 ternal ear; but there is so little known of the use of the par- 

 ticular parts in the human subject, that it is hardly possible 

 to assign cogent reasons for variations in other beings. 

 All quadrupeds have at the internal canthus of the eye a strong 

 firm membrane with a cartilaginous edge, which mu)' be made 

 to cover some parts of their eye. This is greater or less in 

 different species, as their eyes are more or less exposed to 

 dangers in searching after food. This membrana nktans, as 

 it is called, is not very large in the dog; cows and horses have 

 it so large as to cover one-half of the eye like a cm-tain, at the 

 same time so transparent its to allow the rays of light to pass 

 through in abundance. Fishes have a cuticle always over 

 their eyes, as they are ever in danger in the "inconstant 

 element."* 



The nictating membrane, or third eyelid, with its accessory muscles 

 and other structures, is especially well developed jn birds, and is of 



All quadrupeds have a seventh muscle belonging 

 known as the auxpenrioriux. It surrounds 

 optic nerve, and is fixed in the sclerotic - 

 arc. Its use is to sustain the weight of the , 

 and prevent the optic nerve from being too much s, < 

 without compelling the four straight mu: 

 ual contraction ; at the same time this muscle ma 

 assist any of the other four, by causing one pari c 

 of it to act at a time. 



The pupil also, which varies with different anii 

 actly accommodated to the habits of its owner, as 

 different, species of objects that are viewed. Man 

 lar, for reasons obvious : An ox has it oval with 

 diameter transversely that he may take a larger 

 food: cats, again, have theirs likewise oval, but 

 diameter is perpendicular, that they may 

 bright light altogether, or admit only so much 

 The width of the pupil also varies in different aniii 

 ing as the internal organs of vision are more or 

 thus cats and owls, who seek their prey in I 

 places— and consequently must have their 

 that a few rays of light may make a lively imprei 

 retina— have their pupils in the day-time contracted 

 narrow space, as a great number of rays would e 

 nice organs; while in the night, or when the lighl 

 iris is enlarged and the rays fully admitted. In > ! 

 when the retina is inflamed, numerous rays of ligb 

 casion painful sensations; therefore tin 

 On the contrary, with the dying or the beginning i 

 it is generally dilated, as the eyes become insen 

 posterior of the choroid coat known as the 

 ferent hues in different species. Cattle feeding mo 

 grass have this membrane of a green color, that 1 1 

 upon the retina all the lays of light which come 

 of that color while other rays are absorbed ; thus 

 sees its food better than it does other objects. Cn 

 have their tapetum of a whitish color, and for the 

 have the his very dilatable and their organs of v\ 

 and we find that all animals see more- or I 

 dark, according as this membrane approaches acari 

 or white color. Dogs who have it of a grayish e 

 guish objects better in the night than man, whose 

 a dark brown; and who, it is believed, sees worst in iM 

 of any being, as designed to rest- from all 

 The difference then of the color of the tapi 

 fabric of any other in different animals, al 

 some particular advantage, accruing toils 

 life from this singularity. 



As in man, the brain is divided into cerebrum 

 lum, and these two parts bear neatly the same pi 

 one another. It.is proportionately smaller 

 necessary, as a bulky brain would be inconveni 

 considerably to the weight of the head, win 

 lever to act with, would require a much gn 

 force to support it than is now the case; lor the ,. 

 greatest part of quadrupeds are not. near so heavy 

 pear to the eye, from the sinus frontales being pro 

 considerable distance to enlarge the olfactory 



The pits in the anterior part of skull arc 

 spicuous than in the human, -which niay h 

 depending posture of the head while, feeding, the 

 the brain, through gravitation, pressing upon the I 

 they are yet soft. The falv cerebri is not nearh i 

 quadrupeds as in man, as they have littli 

 either side, and the two hemispheres of the brai 

 great measure hindered from jostling one another in J I 

 motions, by the brain insinuating itself in 

 tioned pits. 



The second process of the dura mater, or ten 

 hello supcr-ixpa.nnv hi, is considerably thicker an:' 

 quadrupeds, especially in such us are very swift ... 

 res and rabbits, and that most when they are 

 membrane is generally ossified, or we find its P^^^H 

 by bone, that it may the more effectually keep off j^K] 

 incumbent brain from the cerebellum in their rapia^Kj 

 The olfactory nerves are large, justly deserving ti 

 tion of processus mamillarex. They are hollow, &lj^^^| 

 a medullary and cineritious substance, and at. ii; 

 pear to be the anterior ventricles of the brain pn 

 man they are small and without any discei 

 reason of this is evident, if we consider the posit i< 

 tion of the canine head ; for the h nyph continual: , 

 upon the inferior portion of the ventricles, would 

 prolong and produce them. From this olf: 

 given off, and are sent directly through the os ef 

 the nose. From this the ancients, to whom the 

 of practical anatomy, studied from the human 

 desecration, and whose observations on animals 

 but very superficially conducted, thinking these 

 hollow to the nose, believed them to be the 

 the brain, through which, also, the mind 

 asleep, to revel in the scenes of other lands. 



The tubf-rcula ejuadrigemini are larger than 

 they are of different colors, the upper pair, or ■ 

 the color of the cortical, and the lower, i 

 dullary substance of the brain. The reason of thee* 

 and other of the like nature to be met with in coi: 

 dog and man, we shall not attempt to determine, 

 nology a science we might look to it for an 

 unfortunately its principles and deduction 

 vagaries of the ;an which it pi 



Beeton Hounds.— The Brittany hound 

 is a big, bold, broken-haired animal, with a sti 

 blood. The dog and wolf, being congenci 

 gether, and the law affecting mules does not apph 

 brid race, as the offspringof the first crosi 

 ters with the same facility. A dog-wolf is 

 by hand, and he. suckled in infancy by a hound > 

 perfect concord with any hounds that "mn 

 kennel, while a day or two 



iny. The first cross is usually fai 

 running mute, or all but mute, and so self-w 

 and fierce in the kennel that they are 

 kept to breed from alone. The' second ero 

 grand offspring of the wolf 

 fierce, fine-nosed, desperate in the chase 

 longest day. 



much factional importance to them, as it cant- 

 the whole eyeball. It is found in some reptiles a 



i, and in sharks. It is fairly well il 

 divisions of the mammalian series, viz., in the Mu 

 snpial, and in some few of the higher mi 

 in man, the quaclrumina, and most othe 

 jnltted by anatomists, as a mere rudiment called the »ew 



