FOREST AND STREAM. 



20S 



the sport in a manly way. The poor little fledgliugs had been 

 well looked after long before Our arrival, and there were but 

 lew, it any, left, With a long face we turn sharp to our 

 right and beat our way back to the wagon. " Look out, Cla- 

 rence, my dog is drawing." Away went Mr. Cock, which 1 

 rosy cleverly imased, but he was nicely taken by my friend. 

 Tins gave us renewed vigor, for, as a rule, when you find one 

 bird you will find at least two. In this case it was too uuc; 

 for before we reached the cud of the cover ray dog "spiked " 

 one which fell an easy prey to my piece. 



I picked up all that was left of this little thing, for bis 

 soft, pliable bill and scant covering of feathers showed too 

 plainly that be was the only mourner of a late brood. Al- 

 though we retraced our steps not, another bird did we see, and 

 after breaking through into the bright sunshine, almost ex- 

 hausted from the heat, we tumbled into our chaise and rolled 

 off for fresh cover. Our next stopping place was a swamp 

 on a. qui<=.t little stream called the " W'a-wa-yauda Kiver," but 

 more familiarly known as "the creek." Here we decided to 

 separate, Clarence going down on the northern side of the 

 stream while I struck out southward. I placed two fresh 

 shells in my gun ami sallied on, my dog occasionally taking a 

 Bwallow, which seemed to refresh him exceedingly. Soon 1 

 found myself in a mighty forest, far away from tt*e fields of 

 waving grain and the bright rays of the summer sun. 



Feeling quite tired, I sat down on a log to take a little rest. 

 After wiping the perspiration from my brow, I began to take 

 a general survey of the surroundings. I found on every side 

 lontr swales of black-looking earth, quite thickly covered with 

 a strong growth of ferns and wild grass— a perfect paradise 

 for the woodcock and as bountiful a cover as you could wish 

 to shoot in. I spent some little time on this log, for I was 

 alone— not even a leaf seemed to yield to the gentle breeze, 

 and the occasional nipping of a woodpecker, who sat perched 

 upon a dead limb, was all that broke the silence. 

 "And iu tli at lonely solitude, o'ertaken 

 By some spell uucti vine, 

 Their cares .shoo* fruin tlieui, like needles shaken, 

 From out i he gusty pine." 



This is the scene of the Warwick Woodlands. Here Frank 

 FoiesUr used to roam in quest of that game bird he loved so 

 well. Here ranged dogs without a fault under the skillful 

 band of their master. Here, at every step, woodcock rose, 

 only to fall to the fire from a true eye and a cool band, and a 

 mail who put all his heart into bis work. Is it possible, 

 thought 1, that some of these great trees in their youth shaded 

 Forester? Reader, stop for a moment and think of the shoot- 

 ing on these grounds quarter of a century ago. Think of it 

 to-day. Is it not another sad reminder that this noble bird is 

 slowly but surely being exterminated? But I have been 

 dreaming my time away and must press on. 



1 spent some time iu this swamp, thoroughly beating all the 

 available swabs, and returned to the wagon with but two 

 birds. My friend had been waiting for me some time, having 

 gone all over his ground, and with about the same success. It 

 is now about uomu, and it will be useless to hunt any more 

 until about sundown. Old ''Roan" is taken from the shafts 

 and led back to the wagon, where he seems to wonderfully 

 enjoy the new mown gnus brought purposely for him. Our 

 luncti is soon through with, and alter lighting up a weed, we 

 roll in the shade of the wagon and enjoy solid comfort. 



We have a long drive to the next cover and must be off. 

 Eoau reluctantly takes the bit in his mouth and stumbles 

 clumsily into the shafts. 



The 'modest, though enterprising little city of Warwick,' 

 nestled cosily at the foot of the Wa-wa-yanda Mountains. 

 was soon reached. At the upper end of town we chanced to 

 meet an old gentlemen, considerably' past the sunny side of 

 life, whom we stopped to ask a few questions about the roads. 

 We found him to be a pleasaut old fellow, well posted on 

 local matters, and quite ready to answer any questions put to 

 him. Noticing our outfit he seemed to become interested in 

 us, and we found- hitn to be an advocate of out-of-door 

 sports, and I asked: " Did you ever know Frank Forester ?" 

 The oid gentleman's whole face seemed to glow with delight 

 as be replied: "1 did, my lads, but it was many years ago 

 when I knew Herbert. Look! do you see that long house up 

 there? Why, that's where Heibert used to stay when iu 

 town. Do you sec that mountain way yonder, lads? There 

 old fat Tom'Ward (Tom Draw), on many a cold winter's clay, 

 used to stand on the warm side of a tree and watch bis 

 hounds running like 'kdldum' after the foxes, and he used 

 to get 'em, too, boys'. Yes, I did know Forester." 



Of course, we set out toward the house just pointed out, 

 and, halting in the shade of a maple, we gaze upon the dwell- 

 ing which, though old-fashioned, has the appearance of 

 Bofidity and comfort. The house stands at the junction of 

 two roads, and at the extreme upper end of town. Along the 

 entiie front runs two roomy porches, one above the other, 

 and from appearance it would be safe to say that at some, time 

 it had been a hotel, and 1 have since been told that, though 

 long known as the " Old Stage House," it is now occupied as 

 a, private residence. 1 will hot tire the reader by taking him 

 through another swamp where the birds were few, and 

 whence, after securing another brace of birds, we turned our 

 faces homeward. As a woodcock shoot the trip was not a 

 sucw ss, but the pleasure this trip afforded me I shall never 

 forget. C. W. 

 ,^+.^. . 



INTRODUCTION AND SUCCESSION OF 

 VERTEBRATE LIFE IN AMERICA.* 



By 0. C. Maesh. 



president of the bi0l0gt0al section qt the amebic an 



association. 



Sixth Papeb. 



The order Tomclmtia includes two very peculiar genera, 

 To.rodon and Nesodon, which have been found in the post ter- 

 tiary deposits of South America. These animals were of 

 huge size, and possessed such mixed characters that their af- 

 fiuiues are a matter of considerable doubt. They are thought 

 to be related to the Ungulates, Rodents and Edentates, but, 

 as the feet are unknown, this cannot at present be decided. 



Macrauc7ienia and Umnalmlontaiherium, are two other pecu- 

 liar geaera from South America, now extinct, the exact affini- 

 ties of which are uncertain. A?wplotherium and Pulceotherum, 

 so abundant in Europe, have not been found in our North Am- 

 ei icaa Tertiary deposits, although reported from South Am- 

 erica. 



* Peliyered before the American Association for the Advancement of 

 jscleuee, at Nashville, Tenn,, Aug 31, 18?T. 



Perhaps the most remarkable mammals yet found in America 

 are the Tillodontki, which are comparatively abundant in the 

 lower and middle Eocene. These animals seem to combine 

 the characters of several different groups, viz,: the Carnivo- 

 res, Ungulates and Rodents. In the genua Tillotheriun, the 

 type of the order, and of the family Tillotheridcn, the skull 

 resembles that of the Bears; the molar teeth are of the ungulate 

 type ; while the large incisors are very similar to those of Ro- 

 dents. The skeleton resembles that of the Carnivores, but 

 the scaphoid and lunar bones are distinct, and there is a third 

 trochanter on the femur. The feet are plantigrade, and each 

 had five digits, all with loDg pointed claws, in the allied 

 genus Stylinodon, which belongs to a distinct family, the Hty- 

 linodoniidm, all the teeth were rootless. Some of these ani- 

 mals were as large as a Tapir. The genus Dryplodon has been 

 found only in the Coryphodon beds of New Mexico, while 

 Tillothtrium and Btylinodon occur in the middle Eocene of 

 Wyoming. Ancliippodus probably belongs to this group, 

 which may perhaps include some other forms that have been 

 named from fragmentary specimens. 



The Rodents are an ancient type, and their remains are not 

 un frequently disinterred in the strata of our lowest fresh-water 

 Eocene. The earliest known forms are apparently all related 

 to the Squirrels, and the most common genus is Sciuravus, 

 which continued throughout the Eocene. A nearty allied form, 

 which may prove to be the same, is Paramys, the species of 

 which are larger than those of the older type. In the Dino- 

 ceras beds, the genus Gokmomys is found, and t jc specimens 

 preserved point to the Murida, as the nearest living allies. A 

 peculiar genus, ApaUmys, which also occurs in the middle 

 Eocene, has ghriform incisors, but the molars resemble those 

 of Insectivores. All the Eocene Rodents are of small size, the 

 largest being about as large as a rabbit. 



In the middle and upper Miocene Jake-basins of the Wesf, 

 Rodents abound, but all are of moderate size. The Hares rirs ( t; 

 appear in the Oreodon beds, and continue in considerable num- 

 bers through the rest of the Tertiary and Post-Tertiary to the 

 present day. In these beds, the most common forms belong to 

 the Leporida, and mainly to the genus Palmolagus. The 

 Squirrel family is represented by Ischyromys, the Muridas by 

 the genus Eumys, and the Beavers by Palceocasts?'. In the 

 upper Miocene of Oregon, most of the same genera are found, 

 and with them some peculiar forms, very unlike anything 

 now living, One of these is the genus Allomys, possibly re- 

 lated to the fiydng Squirrels, but having molar teeth some- 

 what like those of the Ungulates. In the Pliocene, east and 

 west of the Rocky Mountains, Rodents continue abundant, 

 but most of them belong to existing genera. Among these are 

 Cantor, Ilystrix, Gynomys, Geomys, Lepus and Hesperomys. 

 In the Post-Tertiary, the gigantic beaver, Gastoroides, was 

 abundant throughout most of North America. Hydrochm- 

 rus has been found in South Carolina. In the caves of the 

 island of Anguilla, remains of large extinct Rodents belong- 

 ing to the ChTnchdlidce have been found. 



The early Tertiary Rodents kuown from South America 

 are the genera Megamys, Theiidromys, and a large species re- 

 ferred to Arvicola. In Brazil, the Pliocene Rodents found 

 are referred to the existing genera Gavia, Kerodon, Lagosto- 

 mus, Cten&mys, Hesperomys, 0.vy?nycte?-us, Arvicola md Lepus. 

 A new genus, Gardtodus, described from this horizon, is a true 

 Rodent, but the peculiar Typotherium, which has been re- 

 ferred to this order by some authorities, has perhaps other 

 affinities. In the Post-Tertiary, the Rodents were very abund- 

 ant iu South America, as they are at present. The species 

 are in most instances distinct from those now living, but the 

 genera are nearly the same. The Caviidm were especially 

 numerous. Cercolabes, Myopotamus, and Ltigoitomus are also 

 found, and two extinct genera, Phylkmiys and Lonchophorus. 



The Cheiroptera, or Bats, have not been found m this coun- 

 try below the middle Eocene, where two extinct, genera, Nya- 

 tilestes and Nyctitherimn, are each represented by numerous 

 remains. These fossils all belong to small animals, and, so 

 far as they bave been investigated, show no characters of more 

 than generic importance to distinguish them from the Bats of 

 to-day. No other members of this group are known from 

 our Tertiary. In the Post-Tertiary, no extinct species of 

 Bats bave been found in North America, but from the caves 

 of Brazil quite a number have been reported. These all belong 

 to genera still living in South America, ane most of them to 

 the family Phyllostoniidm. 



The Insectivores date back, in this country, at least to the 

 middle Eocene. Here numerous remains occur, which have 

 been described as belonging to this order, although it is pos- 

 sible that some of them were insect-eating Marsupials. The 

 best known genera are, IIemiacodon,Ce?itetodon, Talpavus, and 

 Eutamncodon ; all represented by animals of small size. In 

 the Miocene, the bones of Iuseclivores are comparatively abun- 

 dant, and the genera best determined are Ictops and Leptictis. 

 A few specimens only have been found in the Pliocene and 

 PostPlioceue, most of them related to the Moles. No extinct 

 Insectivores are known from South America, and no member 

 of the group exists there at present. 



The Carnivora, or true flesh-eating animals, are an old type, 

 well represented in the Eocene, and, as might be expected, 

 these early forms are much less specialized than the living 

 species. In the Coryphodon beds, the genus Limnocyon, al- 

 lied to the Pterodon of the European Eocene, is abuudant. 

 Another genus, apparently distinct, is Prototomus, and several 

 others have been named from fragmentary fossils. Iu Ihe 

 middle Eocene, Carnivores were still more numerous, and 

 many genera have been discovered. One of these, Lirnnofelis, 

 was nearly as large as a lion, and apparently allied to the cats, 

 although the typical Felkke seem not yet to have been differ- 

 entiated. Another Carnivore of nearly equal size was Oro- 

 cyon, which had short, massive jaws and broad teeth. Dro 

 mocyon and Mesonyx were large animals, allied to Hymnodon. 

 The teeth were narrow, and the jaws long and slender. 

 Among the smaller Carnivores were Vulpavm, Viverravus, 

 Sinopa, Thkwcyon and Zephacodon. 



In our Western Miocene, Carnivores are abundant, and 

 make an approach to modern types , The Felidce are well re- 

 presented, the most interesting genus being Machairodus, 

 which is not uncommon in the Oreodon beds on both sides of 

 the Rocky Mountains. An allied genus is Diiiictis, and sev- 

 eral smaller Oats are known from about the same horizon. 

 The Canidce are represented by Amphicyon, a European genus, 

 and by several species of Ganis, or a very marly albcd form. 

 The peculiar genus Hyaenodon, fouud also in Europe, and the 

 type of a distinct family, is abundant in the Miocene east of 

 the Rocky Mountains, but has not yet been found on the Pa- 

 cific Coast. In the Pliocene of hotn regions, the CanldM arc 

 numerous, and all apparently belong to the existing genus 



Ganis. The genus ITac/udrodm is still the dominant form of 

 the Cats, which are abundant, and for the most part belong to 

 the genus Ft.lis. The extinct Leptojxtm is supposed to be- 

 long to the Urzid/e, and if so, is tne oldest American represent- 

 ative of this family. In the Post-Pliocene, the extinct FelkU 

 include species nearly ns large as a lion, and smaller forms 

 very similar to those still living. Bears, Raccoons and Wea- 

 sels have also been found. 



In the Pliocene of South America, Machairodus represents 

 the Felkk", while the genera Arctolherium and ITymiarctus 

 belong to the Bear family. Species of Mustela and Cants have 

 also been found. In the caves of Brazil, the fauna of which 

 is regarded as Post- Pliocene, one species of Machairodus is 

 known, and one of Synmlurus. Ganis and Icticyon, still liv- 

 ing in Brazil, and the extinct genus Speothos, represent the 

 CanidiK, Mephitis and G'alktis, among the Weasels, were 

 also present, aud with them species of JSfasua and Arctothe- 

 riuiu. 



We come now to the highest group of Mammals, the Pri- 

 mates, which includes the Lemurs, the Apes and Man. This 

 order has a great antiquity, and even at the base of the Eo- 

 cene we find it represented by several genera belonging to the 

 lower forms of the group. In considering these interesting 

 fossils, it is important to have in mind that the Lemurs, which 

 are usually regarded as Primates, although at the bottom of 

 the scale, are ouly found at the present day iu Madagascar 

 and the adjacent regions of the globe. All the American 

 Monkeys, moreover, belong to one group, much above the 

 Lemurs, while the Old World Apes are higher still, and most 

 nearly approach Man. 



In the lower Eocene of New Mexico, we find a few repre- 

 sentatives of the earliest known Primates, and among them 

 are the genera Lemuramis and Limnotlierium, each the type 

 of a distinct family. These genera became very abundant in 

 the middle Eocene of the West, and with them are found 

 many others— all, however, included in the two families, 

 Lemuramdm and Limnolhevidm. Lemuravus appears to have 

 been most nearly allied to the Lemurs, and is the most gene- 

 ralized form of the Primates yet discovered. It had forty- 

 four teeth, forming a continuous series above and below. 

 The brain was nearly smooth, and of moderate size. The 

 skeleton most resembles that of the Lemurs. A nearly allied 

 genus, belonging to the same family, is Hyopsodus. 

 Limnotherium (2'omithenum) also is related to the 

 Lemurs, but shows some affinities with the South 

 American Marmosets. This genus had forty teeth. 

 The brain was nearly smooth, and the cerebellum 

 large, and placed mainly behind the cerebrum. The orbits 

 are open behind, and the lachrymal foramen is outside the 

 orbit. Other genera belonging to the LimnotJwridm are, • 

 Notharctos, Hipjwsyus, Microsyops, Pakeocodtm, TMnolestes 

 and Telmatokstes. Besides these, Antiaoodon (Anaptomor- 

 phus), Bathrodon and Mesacodon should probably be placed 

 in Ihe same group. In the Diplacodon Beds, or Upper Eocene, 

 no remains of. Primates have yet been detected, although they 

 will doubtless be found there. All the Eocene Primates 

 known from American strata are low generalized forms, with 

 characters in the teeth, skeleton and feet that suggest relation- 

 ships with the Carnivores, and even Avith the Ungulates. These 

 resemblances have led paleontologists to refer some imperfect 

 specimens to both these orders. 



In the Miocene lake basins of the West, only a single spe- 

 cies of the Primates has been identified with certainty. This 

 was found in the Oreodon Beds of Nebraska, and belongs to 

 the genus Laopithecus, apparently related both to the Limno- 

 tlieridm and to some existing South American Monkeys. In 

 the Pliocene and Post-Pliocene of North America, no romams 

 of Primates have yet been found. 



In the Post-Pliocene deposits of the Brazilian caves, re- 

 mains of Monkeys are numerous, and mainly belong to ex- 

 tinct species of Gallithrix, Cebus and Jacehus, all living- 

 South American genera. Only one extinct genus, Proto- 

 pithecus, which embraced animals of large size, has been 

 found in this peculiar fauna. 



It is a noteworthy fact, that no traces of any Anthropoid 

 Apes, or indeed of any Old World Monkeys have yet been 

 detected in America. Man, however, the highest of the Pri- 

 mates, has left his bones and his works from the Arctic Circle 

 to Patagonia. Most of these specimens are clearly Post-Ter- 

 tiary, although there is considerable evidence pointing to the 

 existence of man in our Pliocene. All the remains yet dis- 

 covered belong to the well-marked genus Homo, and ap- 

 parently to a single species, at present represented by the 

 American Indian. 



{To be Gontinue4.) 



[Note.— Through an error, the closing paragraphs of this address 

 were added to ihe Fifth Paper. They will appear hereafter in their 

 proper place, and with the explanation that the Sixth Paper should fol- 

 low the paragraph, page 163, devoted to Proboscidians (closing with the 

 sentence: "The last of the American Mastodons aud ElephantH be- 

 came extinct in the Post-Tertiary), we hope that Prof. Marsh's ab:e ad- 

 dress may lose none of its value.— Ed.] 



SPLIT BAMBOO RODS. 



To Our Customers and the Public : In reply to the damaging 

 reports which have been circulated respecting the quality of 

 our split bamboo rods, by " dealers" who are unable to compete 

 with us at our reduced prices, we have issued a circular which 

 we shaU be pleased to mail to any address, proving the falsity 

 of their assertions. 



C'ONROY, BlSSETT & MALLESON, 



—{Ada. Manufacturers, 65 Fulton Street, N. Y. 



— The site of the petrified forest of California is about 

 1,000 feet above the sea level, and lies in the same trend with 

 the Gfeysers, Mount St. Helena, aud the thermal springs of 

 Calistoga. A recent visitor says that, geologically, it is one 

 vast lava bed, in which the trees lie as they were thrown, 

 probably thousands of years ago, by some convulsion of na- 

 ture. The trees are iu fragments, many of which have been 

 converted into charcoal, others into lignite, and others into 

 beautiful specimens of jet. Where the heart of the tree had 

 decayed, the cavity is filled with opal, a form of lustrous un- 

 crystullized silica containing water. Chalcedony, another 

 form of the silica, but clear and limpid, is found in other cav- 

 ities. No top has been petrefied, and only here and there a 

 root. 



—A remarkable bargniu in rides! Messrs. Turner & Hosb, the well 

 known dealers, offer a big bargain in breech-loading rifles lor 15 00 

 The guns are bran new and are exceptional bargains.— [Adv, 



