248 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



mains in wood for economical purposes, and to give pictu- 

 resque effect to the landscape. The eyes range round three- 

 fourths of the horizon over a fertile expanse, bright, with the 

 cheerful waters of u rippling stream, a generous river, or a 

 gleaming lake, dotted with hamlets, each with modest spire ; 

 and if t,he farm lies in the vicinity ol the coast, a distant 

 glimpse from the high grounds of the mvsterious, everlasting 

 sea, completes the prospect. It is situated off the high road, 

 but, near enough to the village to be easily accessible to the 

 church, the schoolhouse, the railroad, a social neighborhood, 

 or a traveling friend. It consists in due proportion of pasture 

 aud tillage, meadow and woodland, held and garden. 



"A substantial dwelling, with everything for convenience 

 and nothing for ambition— with the fitting appendages of sta- 

 ble and barn, and corn barn, and other farm buildings, not for- 

 getting a spring house with a living fountain of water — occu- 

 pies, upon a gravelly knoll, a position well chosen to command 

 the whole estate. A few acres on the front and side of the 

 dwelling apart, to gratify the eye with the choice forms of 

 rural beauty, are adorned with a stately avenue, with noble, 

 solitary trees, with graceful clumps, shady walks, a velvet 

 lawn, a brook murmuring over a pebbly bed, here and there a 

 grand rock, whose cool shadow at sunset streams across the 

 field ; all displaying, in the real loveliness of nature, the origi- 

 nal of those landscapes of which art in its perfection strives 

 to give us the counterfeit presentment. Animals of select 

 breed, such as Paul Potter, Morland and Landseer and Rosa 

 Bonbeur never painted, roam the pastures or fill the hurdles 

 and the stalls; the plow walks in rustic majesty across the 

 plain and opens the genial bosom of the earth to the sun and 

 air ; nature's holy sacrament of seed time is solemnized be- 

 neath the vaulted cathedral sky; silent dews and gentle show- 

 ers and kindly sunshine shed their sweet influence on the 

 teeming soil ; springing verdure clothes the plain ; golden 

 wavelets, driven by the west wind, run over the wheat field ; 

 the tall maize flaunts in her crispy leaves and nodding tassels ; 

 while we Libor and while we rest, whde we wake and while 

 sleep, God's chemistry, we caunot see, goes on beneath the 

 clouds ; myriads and myriads of vital cells ferment with ele- 

 mental life ; germ and s"talk and leaf and flower, and silk tas- 

 sel, and grain and fruit, grow up from the common earth ; the 

 mowing machine and reaper— mute rivals < f human industry 

 —perform their gladsome task ; the well-piled wagons bring 

 home the ripened treasures of the year ; the bow of promise 

 fulfilled, spans the foreground of the picture, and the gracious 

 covenant is redeemed, that while the earth remaineth, summer 

 and winter, and heat and cold, and day and night, and seed 

 time and harvest, shall not fail." 



Notice to Sportsmen.— Having received so many commnnications 

 asking us for information in legard to our six-section bamHoo trout, 

 t>laclt bass, grilse and salmon rods, we have prepared a circular on the 

 subject, which we shall take pleasure In forwarding to any address. 

 We keep on hand all grades, the prices of which range from $ 1 5 to $150 

 We put our stamp only on the best, in order to protect our customers 

 and oar reputation, for we are unwilling to sell a poor rod with a false 

 enamel (made by burning and staining to imitate the genuine article) 

 without letting our customers know just what they are getting. 



P. O. Box 1,294.— [Adv. Abbey & Imbrie, 38 Maiden Lane. 



To Co-respondents.— Those desiring us to prescribe for their dogs 

 will please take note of and describe the following points in each ani- 

 mal: 



1. Age. 2. Pood and medicine given. 3. Appearance of the eye; 

 of the coat ; of the tongue and lips. 4. Any changes in the appearancc- 

 of the body, as bloating, drawing in of the flanks, etc. 5. Breathing, 

 the number of respirations per minute, and whether labored or not. 

 C. Condition of the bowels and secretions of the kidneys, color, etc. 7. 

 Appetite ; regular, variable, etc. 8. Temperature of the body as indi- 

 cated by the bulb of the thermometer when placed between the body 

 and the foreleg. 9. Give position of kennel and surroundings, outlook, 

 contiguity to other buildings, and tile uses of the latter. Also give any 

 peculiarities of temperament, movements, etc., that may be noticed; 

 Signs of suffering, etc. 



CANINE THERAPEUTICS. 



ASTHIMiKNTS. 



ASTRINGENTS are medicines which produce contraction 

 of living tissues ; that is, a certain shrinking or condensa- 

 tion of structure, which, though not attended with visible 

 movement, is nevertheless obvious in its result, as in that well 

 known condition of the skin known as "goose-flesh," pro- 

 duced by exposure to cold. That astringents have this effect 

 locally, is proved by the diminution of bulk in any part of the 

 surface to which they may be applied, and by the strong 

 "puckering" sensation occasioned when they are taken in the 

 mouth. There is no doubt but they operate upon the mucous 

 membrane of the stomach and bowels when brought directly 

 in contact, precisely in the same manner as upon the mouth 

 and skin. Experiment has proved that astringents are ab- 

 sorbed ; and we draw the deduction that they are carried 

 everywhere with the blood, thus acting by direct contact. 

 "When such contact is obtained, the organic contractility of 

 of tissues are stimulated and they shrink. 



The effects upon the system are, besides the condensation 

 of tissue just mentioned, diminished calibre of arteries, veins, 

 capillaries, absorbents and duets ; diminished excretion, ex- 

 halation and absorption ; constipation of the bowels and in- 

 creased firmness, along with contraction of the pulse. The 

 bluod becomes more eoagulablej probably by the same influ- 

 ence being exercised upon its constituents as on solids. As- 

 tringents are said also to increase the appetite and invigorate 

 digestion. This effect they undoubtedly have in debilitated 

 staies of the function connected with relaxation of tissue. It 

 is reasonable to suppose that, even m health, with a very 

 moderate degree of their peculiar influence, they may produce 

 some slight increase of the functions. 31 any "of this class of 

 remedies also exert a tonic influence, as with vegetable astrin- 

 gents, which, besides their characteristic ingredient, not un- 

 trequenlly contain, a bitter principle also, and with prepara- 

 tions of iron, which are essentially and powerfully tonic, while 

 they arc in some degree astringent. 



Upon a little, consideration it will be seen that astringents, 

 though stimulating organic contractility, may often prove 

 sedative to the heal ihy functions, when employed freely or 

 too long. The digestive function is impaired in consequence 

 of the diminished secretion of the gastric juice, the restrained 



peristaltic movement of the stomach and bowels, and the im- 

 peded absorption. As a result of this defective digestion, if 

 from no other cause, the circulation is enfeebled, nutrition 

 suffers, emaciation takes place, and a general reduction is ex- 

 perienced in the functions and forces of the system. When 

 applied to delicate surfaces in great excess, instead of acting 

 simply as astringents they become irritants. In the denuded 

 skiu they excite inflammation, and taken in the stomach 

 cause gastric and intestinal pains, nausea, vomiting, and 

 sometimes diarrhoea, their astringent influence being either 

 prevented or overwhelmed by the irritation. 



The indications for the use of this class of remedies are such 

 as might be inferred from their physiological effects : First, 

 To check morbid discharges ; second, to obviate morbid relax- 

 ation; and third, to check inflammation in its earliest stage. 

 For the first two they may be used cither generally or 

 locally ; for f. he third tbey must be applied directly to the seat 

 of the inflammation. 



We will first speak of their use internally — i. e., when taken 

 into the stomach— and it must not be forgotten that in their 

 operation upon the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal 

 they act as directly as upon external surfaces; the only differ- 

 ence being that they cannot be so freely applied to the former, 

 in consequence of its greater sensitiveness, the greater danger 

 of any excess of action, and the impossibility of limiting the 

 extent of their application, or readily removing them if found 

 to be injurious. 



One of the. principal uses of astringents, as administered in- 

 ternally, is to check morbid discharges. In fulfilling this in- 

 dication they act by contracting the pores of the blood vessels 

 through which the discharge takes place. Two distinct kinds 

 of morbid discharges are affected by them ; the one consisting 

 in excessive or deranged secretion or exhalation, the second in 

 hemorrhage. In reference to their influence jn checking the 

 latter, astringents are denominated styptics. In both some 

 cautions are required iu their use. 



When the discharge depends upon some local or general 

 disorder, which it is intended to relieve, as plethora, active 

 congestion, inflammation, or the presence of noxious matters 

 in the blood, astringents as a rule are contra-indicated ; and 

 the same applies to what have been denominated critical dis- 

 charges (i. e., having reference to a crisis), though strictly 

 speaking these belong to one of the preceding categories. 

 As astringents operate only in a general way, by merely 

 closing the avenues by which the fluid escapes, and have no 

 effect in removing the disorder which the discharge is intend- 

 ed to relieve, it is obvious that they may, under these circum- 

 stances, do great mischief. If they check the discharge they 

 may increase the real pathological condition ; if they fail, their 

 own irritative effect is superadded to that previously existing. 



Again, an originally morbid discharge may have become 

 habitual, and the process of digestion and sanguification 

 having taken an increased activity, the system may have ac- 

 commodated itself to the drain. Astringents in such cases 

 might disturb this balance, and give rise to dangerous local 

 congestion or general plethora. Therefore they are best let 

 alone except in'the hands of a physician. 



Astringents are applicable when the discharge is purely 

 local, and dependent on no co-existing disease ; as, for exam- 

 ple, in hemorrhage consequent upon an accidental rupture of 

 a bloodvessel, either from direct violence or from a sudden and 

 temporary wound, produced by st raining, position, etc. They 

 are also applicable when the affection depends upon debility 

 or relaxation of the coats of the blood vessels, either original 

 or consequent upon previous excessive excitement, which has 

 quite disappeared. This is a very common condition in the 

 advanced stages of inflammation, and it is, perhaps, under 

 such circumstances that this class of remedies are upon the 

 whole most useful. 



Another condition which sometimes, though rarely, calls 

 for them, even under otherwise opposing indications, is when 

 the discharge is so copious as itself to become the inaiu 

 source of danger. Thus a hemorrhage from the rectum, in- 

 tended by nature as a relief to serious plethora and partial 

 congestion, may be so frequent or abundant as to put life in 

 jeopardy, in which case it must be arrested without hesita- 

 tion. It i? not unfrequently necessary to ciioose between 

 such opposite indications, and the prudent mail will always 

 prefer what may seem to be the least of two evils. Again, 

 there are certain individual remedies of this class which, with 

 their astringent property, unite others calculated to relieve the 

 affection in which the discharge originated, and against which, 

 therefore, the contra-indication before mentioned has les3 

 force than against the members of the class generally. Thus, 

 acetate of lead, while powerfully astringent, is also anti-phlo- 

 gistic (i e., lends to reduce inflammation), and may sometimes 

 be advantageously employed to arrest morbid secretion from 

 inflamed surfaces, when other astringents would prove very 

 injurious. 



It is unnecessary here to detail all the diseases in which 

 astringents may be useful, and the circumstances in each 

 winch modify t'ht indie iticn for their employment This will 

 be sufficiently elucidated when we begin to describe the rem- 

 edies themselves, and when we come to write of the different 

 diseases. Guided by the above principles, and aided by the 

 pathology of the case in hand, each will judge for himself 

 when occasion oilers, When we come to speak of diarrhoea, 

 dysentery and hemorrhages, the indications and uses of as- 

 tringents will be thoroughly explained, as applicable to these 

 complaints, in which this class is most frequently employed 

 and, I am sorry to say, generally with ill results to the animal 



Again, astringents are used to obviate morbid relaxation, 

 which, in the majority of instances, is attended with morbid 

 discharge, and the two indications are fulfilled at the same 

 time. .But occasionally there is an unhealthy laxity of the 

 non-secreting tissues, and even the secreting may be affected 

 in the same way without increased extravasation. In scrofu- 

 lous diseases, to which the canines are equally as liable as 

 man, and other diseases dependent upon defective or depraved 

 nutrition, this condition is not uncommon, and astringents are 

 often and advantageously used in their treatment. In the con- 

 valescence from febrile and other acute diseases, especially 

 when somewhat protracted, the same condition not unfre- 

 quently exists, calling for the same remedies. It is probable 

 that many of the tonics which are so valuable under such cir- 

 cumstances owe as much of their virtues to their astringent 

 as their tonic properties, as the salts of iron, for instance, In 

 chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach 

 or bowels, when all acuteness is passed, and the blood vessels 

 - are merely passively distended, or ulceration exist, which, in 

 consequence of the laxity and feebleness of the tissue, are un- 

 able to take on the healing process, there would appear to be 

 an indication for astringency, and the fact is, some of the 

 most efficient remedies in such affections belong to this class, 

 as sulphate of iron. . 



To Check Inflammation.— The indication for this class 

 of remedies in the early stage of .inflammation, founded on their 



property of contracting the vessels, and thus excluding^ 

 some measure the blood necessary for the support of the in 

 flammatory process, can seldom ba fulfilled by their intern,-! | 

 use. To answer this purpose they must be brought to aet an 

 the inflamed vessels in a more concentrated state than would 

 be safe, or indeed possible, in the blood, through the nicdiun 

 of absorption, and they would consequently be wholly inap. 

 plicable to any inflammatory affection, the seat of wL 

 be reached only through the circulation. Even in inflamma- 

 tions of the alimentary canal, there would be too much risk 

 that, if used largely enough to have any powerful effect, thej 

 might act more disadvantageous^ as irritants to the south 

 parts than usefully as astringents upon the inflamed, us i 

 would be impossible to limit their application to the latter 

 and, besides, there is always difficulty in deciding whether tin 

 inflammation has not passed the point at which any good oat 

 be expected from them. Hence, astringents can seldom hi, 

 used internally, with the view of rendering commencing in 

 flammation abortive, and it is only externally or topical!) 

 that, as a general rule, they can be beneficially applied upoi 

 this principle. 



For the external use of astringents the same indicationt- 

 exist as for the internal, and they arc even more effectual tgl 

 the former method than the latter. 



For arresting morbid discharges they arc employed in exces 

 sive secretion, resulting from advanced or chronic i nil am matiot 

 or debility of the vessels, in the nostrils, coojunctivM 

 ear, mouth and fauces, urethra and bladder, vagina, anr 

 rectum. Hence their use in chronic coryza, and <ymm • 

 optthalmia, atorrhora, cysUrrluea t and mucous or purujgH 

 rectal discharges. They are the most effective remedies ir 

 hemorrhage from all these sources. The same caution shorn 

 be observed as in their internal use; not too hastily arreH 

 discharge which is effecting some useful purpose, 

 may sometimes be employed with propriety topically, wuer ! 

 we might hesitate to administer them by the n 

 almost always with greater freedom. Any irritation ihey' 

 may excite in external parts is much less hazardous thanarl 

 equal amount iu the stomach or bowels. Besides, 

 this topical method exactly limit their application, 

 advisable, and, should they act too powerfully, m.v 

 them. They may, moreover, be used much more effectually 

 than by the stomach, because in a more concentrated state. | 



For obviating relaxation not essentially connected withm 

 cessive discbarge, they are employed in a great variety -qw 

 affections, as in prolapsed anus, uterus, etc.; in 

 flabby and fungous ulcers, and in various other conditions M 

 local debility, attending or following advanced and chroOTO 

 inflammation of the different surfaces mentiouod in the pre-i 

 ceding paragraph. 



In the forming or early stages of inflammation, with 

 the view of contracting the capillaries, astringents 

 and most usefully employed. When, however, thai 

 is in full vigor, and sustained by a plethoric state of the blond, 

 or some cause acting strongly through the constitute 

 too, exudation has taken place in the tissue, and b 

 have coagulated in some of the vessels, astringents 

 fail to produce their characteristic effect, and may even Sj 



crease the inflammation by acting as irritants. Bui ev v 



such circumstances, after the activity of the inflammation has 

 been subdued, they may 7 again be resorted to, and will now null 

 unfrequently succeed where they had before failed. Uefll 

 this class is used locally in inflammation of the conjunctiva 

 of tho mouth and fauces, of the rectum of the niuco 

 brane of the genitourinary passages, and of the skin, It is I 

 upon this principle, in part, that they operate so usefully m 

 various cutaneous eruptions. But in the choice of ustring^H 

 for these purposes there is great occasion fur I he excrcis* of 

 judgment. From their diversified powers, some are rpplt'i 

 cable where others might prove injurious. It is oh' 

 those which possess other anti-phlogistic powers besidfli 

 astringency must be more efficient iu answering the nnlira i 

 tion than pure, astringent Hence the minerals are geuerqj&j 

 more efficacious than the vegetable substances belo 

 this class. 



. I should, perhaps, before have mentioned that . 

 are of two classes : those derived from the vegetal) 

 dom and those from the mineral. The former are dial 

 by a striking similarity of properties, which bus been i 

 tabled to depend upon a peculiar proximate principle luiftWW 



as \ tannin or tannic acid. Though this, as found iu diffennij I 

 products, differs somewhat iu chemical character, yet belli 1»l'j 

 this respect and its sensible therapeutic proj 

 nearly identical that in relation to its ninny uses 

 considered as one substance. Tf.unic acid seems to be purely 

 astringent and destitute of other physiological propi 

 vegetables, therefore, which contain little or none of any otaof 

 active principle than this may be looked upon as pi 

 Ksentatives of the class. But these are very few. 

 the vegetable astringents also contain a bitter princij 

 somewhat modifies the influence of their tannic acid, ami j 

 might entitle them to rank with the tonics, which Ljffi 

 markedly resemble in their effects. But so far as i li 

 astringency is concerned, they are essentially different from 

 that class of medicines, resembling them only in tins single 

 point, that in cases of debility connected with dec 

 cohesion of the tissues, they increase strength by rei 

 the tissues the compactness necessary for the propi 

 of their functions. It is obvious that the bitter oatrimAfflH 

 are less applicable than tannic acid itself, ot the pure astrin- 

 gents, to those cases in which it ia des'uable to 

 Whether locally or generally, as little as possible. 



The mineral astringents have in general nothing in comOUJP 

 but their astringency 7 Each has peculiar p 

 own, which render it applicable to peculiar purposes. Thltt, 

 the preparations of lead are sedative ; alum has an 

 influence, sulphuric acid is refrigerant and Ionic, ami tin 

 preparations of iron have remarkable tonic properi 

 peculiar power of modifying the blood. Bci.we. 

 phates of zinc and copper (vulg. white and blue vil 

 ever, there is a remarkable coincidence of properti 

 the latter is vastly more powerful than the former. 



LYNonnup.t; Doa Snow. — At: the Dog show held in 

 lion with the Lynchburg Fair, Oct. .i'4th, the p 

 awarded : 



For the best, imported dog or bitch, first premium of Mr 

 or a silver cup of equal value, awarded to Dr. W. A. 

 Frost. Second premium to T, s, Warren 

 For native-born setters, Gen. Win. R. Terry's dog Spot^H 

 ceived the first premium of $30, and G. T. Join 

 Fleet, received the second premium of $20. Foi 

 puppy under twelve mouths, H. B. Powell's Qui en B ;-:s JO 

 ceived the premium of ^10. 



— The time of closing entries in the Nashville Field l^M 

 has been extended from November 1, to the tnib. 



