25 G 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



f&qlftmg mid ffazting. 



HIGH WATER FOR THE WEEK. 



Date. 



Boston. 



New York. 



Charleston. 



Nov.2 



H. M. 



8 26 



9 19 



10 IS 

 It 05 



11 56 



29 



1 18 



2 06 



H. M. 



5 24 



6 16 



7 04 



7 51 



8 39 



9 2S 



10 18 



11 09 



H. M. 

 4 40 



Nov. 3 



Nov. 4 



Nov. 5 



5 33 



6 21 



7 07 



Nov. 6 



7 57 



Kov. r 



8 43 





9 30 



Kov. 9 



10 J 29 



BOATS AND YACHT-BUILD- 

 ING. 

 7th Paper. 



By Natjticus. 



In constructing full modeled boats and yachts, 

 either a model or drawing of the proposed vessel 

 isrequiaite. Boat drawing is a simple mechanical 

 operation, soon learned, and requiring but few 

 tools; indeed, it is impossible to construct a full 

 modeled boat accurately without a drawing. 

 From the drawing we obtain measurements that 

 enable us to construct a "model" if one is 

 wanted. Models, however, are of little use, ex- 

 cept to look at. On this subject allow me to 

 quote "Marett," an English author. He says : 



"Some there are who have a collection of 

 nothing but models, which serve in the place of 

 drawings. Now this system of model-making 

 has had a mist pernicious influence in yacht 

 building; no correct idea can be formed of the 

 properties or qualities of a vessel from a model, 

 unless it is made from the drawing, and if so, 

 then it is useless, except as a toy. To imagine 

 that the nice adjustments of centre of gravity, 

 areas or displacements will be obtained from a 

 model is ridiculous." 



The drawing is made on paper on a reduced 

 scale, and, after the lines are all perfectly ad- 

 justed, is copied on the floor of a room to the 

 full size of the boat to be constructed. The 

 technical name of the last operation is "laying 

 off on the mould loft." Ercm the full size draw- 

 ings on the mould loft floor, the patterns for the 

 different timbers are made, and all the bevels 

 and measurements taken. The materials re- 

 quired for drawing will be : first, a good drawing- 

 board made of soft pine, three feet wide and five 

 feet long; one ruler or straight edge, four or five 

 feet long with one edge chamfered down thin ; 

 one ruler twelve or fifteen inches long ; a square 

 or right angle ; drafting scales ; a pair of divid- 

 ers ; one " batten " of lancewood, or wood of 

 similar quality, four feet long and one-fourth of 

 an inch square, planed true, so that it will bend 

 evenly from one end to the other ; two or three 

 shorter "battens," from one-eighth to three- 

 sixteenths of an inch square at one end, and 

 tapered uniformly to a point at the other ; flat- 

 headed engineers' tacks for fastening paper to 

 the drawing-board. These are all the tools neces- 

 sary, but a box of mathematical instruments 

 will be handy sometimes. The "battens" are 

 usually hffld to the curves by lead weights, 

 weighing six or seven pounds each, and shaped 

 like diagram number twenty ; the lower side of 

 weights should have paper pasted on, to prevent 

 soiling the drawing. Instead of the weights I 

 use common pins, set upright through the points 

 determined on in the drawing. This method is 

 not as neat as the first, but for all practical pur- 

 poses is just as good. The drawings are three 

 in number, and consist of the "sheer plan," dia- 

 gram number seventeen; the "half-breadth plan," 

 diagram number eighteen, and the "body plan," 

 diagram number nineteen. The "sheer plan" 

 shows the outline of the vessel as it would appear 

 if cut through the middle longitudinally, and 

 viewed from the side of the cut ; viewed from 

 above, the cut pieces represent the half-breadth 

 plan. The " body plan " represents the vessel 

 cut crosswise through the midship section, and 

 indicates the outlines of the cross-timbers or 

 ribs. The small soale of the diagrams render 

 them imperfect ; some of the lines are incom- 

 plete, and several cross-timbers are left out al- 

 together ; this has been done purposely to avoid 

 complication. After the following description 

 is understood there will be no difficulty in mak- 

 ing a perfect copy if half of the lines were absent. 

 Cross-timber "A" is represented on the diagrams 

 as the "midship section;" the proper midship 

 section, or " dead flat," is the cross-timber 

 marked on diagrams with a capital "O" with a 

 « cross " drawn through it. As the printers 

 have no type to represent the conventional sign 

 for the midship section, this eection will here- 

 after be represented by a capital "O." 



In regular drawings the water lines are marked 

 ■with green ink, the buttock lines with red, and 

 all other lines with black ink. As the lines in 

 the diagrams are all of one color the student 

 may be at first confused by their multiplicity, 

 but a little study will soon give an insight to 

 their meaning. The quickest way to learn 

 drawing is to draw or copy drawings ; continue 

 the practice until every point and line, and their 

 meaning, is indelibly fixed in the mind. Com- 

 mence by drawing a line to represent the base of 



. C va i» w cc 



ravrt 



the half-bread h plan to any scale. We will sup- 

 pose one and one-half inches to represent one 

 foot. Perpendicular to the base line draw ver- 

 tical lines to represent the cross-timbers, one 

 foot apart on the base line. (As the scale we are 

 using is one and one-half inches to a foot, 

 the vertical lines will, of course, be one and one- 

 half inches apart on the drawing). The curved 

 lines representing the water-lines are next 

 oopjed. Mark on each cross-timber the points 



where the water-lines cross them, and connect 

 the points by curving a batten until all the 

 points are touched by it ; draw a pencil mark 

 along the outline of the batten, and the line is 

 established. The other lines are copied in the 

 same manner. Leaving this plan for the pres- 

 ent, we will next copy part of the sheer plan. 



Draw lipes to represent the keel, stem and 

 stern post ; also a series of vertical lines to rep- 

 resent the cross-timbers; these lines correspona 



to the vertical lines in the half .breadth plan, and 

 are drawn at the same distance apart. Next 

 draw the series of horizontal hues in the sheer 

 plan, at distances representing three inohes 

 apart. These fines represent the water lines, 

 and correspond to the curved water lines in 

 the half-breadth plan. They are numbered 

 aliEe on the diagrams. The sheer fine or upper 

 curved line in the Bheer plan is next drawn. 

 Obtain the points on the cross-timbers by meft- 



