490 DR MURRAY ON THE DEEP AND SHALLOW-WATER MARINE FAUNA 



130 species, 112 species recorded from other sources from shallow water at Kerguelen, we 

 have a total of 242 species of Metazoa. The remarkable result arrived at is that the eight 

 deep-water hauls in depths of about two English miles have yielded 30 more species than 

 are known from Kerguelen down to the depth of 50 fathoms. The result would have 

 been still more striking had the species recorded from the shore down to 25 fathoms 

 been taken for comparison. 



This result agrees with observations in other regions of the Great Southern Ocean 

 where there is a low mean annual temperature. The Challenger's dredgings and trawlings 

 at the Falkland Islands in depths less than 12 fathoms yielded only 85 species, while two 

 hauls in depths of 55 and 70 fathoms between the Falklands and the Strait of Magellan 

 yielded 99 species. The German South Georgia Expedition appear to have collected 

 about 170 species of Metazoa in the shallow waters of that island. Altogether, the 

 marine fauna around the land in high southern latitudes appears to be very poor in species 

 down to a depth of 25 fathoms when compared with the number of species present at the 

 mud-line about 100 fathoms, or even at depths of about two miles. 



It is of interest to point out that in the deep-water hauls over 1000 fathoms in the 

 Southern Hemisphere, both in the Kerguelen Eegion and in the other areas south of the 

 tropic, the ratio of the species to the genera is as 1*46 to 1. The ratio of the species to the 

 genera in the Challenger collections from shallow water under 50 fathoms at Kerguelen 

 is about the same, being as 1*47 to 1. When we take all the species and genera recorded 

 from the Kerguelen Region both by the Challenger and other expeditions and extend the 

 depth to 150 fathoms, the ratio of species to genera is only 1*74 to 1. We have shown 

 that the ratio of species to genera in the whole shallow-water zone in all parts of the world 

 is nearly as 3 to 1. This relation of genera to species may be in part elucidated by a 

 comparison of the shallow-water fauna of the Kerguelen Region with the shallow-water 

 fauna of a region within the tropics. 



In the vicinity of Cape York, Australia, the Challenger collected in ten or twelve 

 trawlings and dredgings 554 species of Metazoa in depths less than 12 fathoms. This greatly 

 exceeds the number taken in many more dredgings at Kerguelen in depths less than 25 

 fathoms, and also exceeds by over 20 species the total number collected at Kerguelen, 

 Marion Island, and Heard Island in depths less than 150 fathoms. The result of numerous 

 other comparisons of a similar kind is to show that everywhere within the tropics the 

 number of Benthos species in shallow water much exceeds the number of Benthos species 

 in the shallow water at Kerguelen or areas similarly situated with respect to temperature. 



When we compare the orders of marine animals taken at Cape York in depths less than 

 12 fathoms with the kinds of shallow-water animals taken in the Kerguelen area down 

 to 150 fathoms, we find that all those animals which secrete large quantities of carbonate 

 of lime greatly predominate in the tropical area, as Corals, Macrura, Brachyura, Anornura, 

 Lamellibranchiata, and Gasteropoda. On the other hand, those kinds of animals with 

 little carbonate of lime predominate at Kerguelen, as Hydroida, Holothurioidea, 

 Annelida, Amphipoda, lsopoda, and Tunicata. If we compare the shallow-water Cape 



