1893.] Classification of the Longipennes. 235 
and Terns, though two other sub-families are frequently 
counted, the Skuas (Stercorariing), and that formed by the 
single genus Rhynchops, the Skimmers; but there seems no 
strong reason why the former should not be referred to the 
Larine and the latter to the Sternine.” Without being 
especially a classificatory work, W. K. Parker has given us some 
valuable researches on the development of the skull of Gavia 
ridibunda that has materially furthered our knowledge of the 
structure of the Gulls. 
In the Check List of the American Orinthologists’ Union, 
(1886, p. 84) we find the Longipennes divided into the three 
families Stercorariidx, (2) Laride and the (3) Rhyncopidx,— 
the second group being again sub-divided into the two sub- 
“families, (1) the Larinæ to contain the Gulls, and (2) the 
Sternine to contain the Terns. 
Finally, I have examined the classifications of Stejneger, 
Cope, and more particularly the one proposed by F iirbringer, 
and that distinguished ornithologist presents us with the 
following arrangement’ :—(p. 1566.) 
> G. S. lat. j G. s. sir. F. Charadriidæ. 
i] Laro-Limicolæ. | Charadrii. | F. s. str. Glareolidz. 
= F. s. str. Dromadidz 
& S.O. Char- F. Chionididæ. 
2 adrii- | F. Laride. 
S formes. F. Alcidæ. 
a G. Parrze. F. Thinocoride. 
5 Parridæ. 
S J G. Otides. b potice 
His order Charadriornithes, is also made to include the Im. 
S. O. Gruiformes and the Im. S. O. Ralliformes, but we are 
not especially concerned with them here. Among the most 
recent classification we find that of Doctor Sharpe; and the 
Longipennes correspond to his Lariformes*, thus :— 
kami 
> 3 SUB-ORDER. SUB FAMILIES. 
P FAMILIES, inæ 
bE Lari. 1. Stercorariidze. l Sterninæ 
TA J2 Laridæ. Rhynchopinæ 
O ~ 
` TFürbringer, Max, Untersuchungen Zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vogel, 
Amsterdam, 1888. 
Sharpe, R. Bowdler, A review of Recent Attempts to Classify Birds. (An 
address delivered before the 2d Intern. Ornith. Cong., on the 18th of May, 1891.) 
Buda 1891. A most valuable contribution to scientific ornithology, and of grea 
aid to all workers. 
