334 The American Naturalist. (April, 
tion of the grinding surface posteriorly, by the convergence 
of the internal and external borders, a peculiarity apparently 
unique to the man of Spy. The forward overlap of inferior 
molars on the superior is much greater than usual in the male. 
This contraction of the posterior part of the external border is. 
equally marked in the female, but the posterior border is not so 
convex. It results from the peculiar form of the external borders 
of the crowns of thetrue molars in both sexes, that they form an 
echelon arrangement. This does not seem to be an adaptation 
to an oblique outline of the maxillary arch, which is broadly 
rounded as in the Australians and Polynesians. 
Summarizing the above observations, I would say that in 
the quadritubercular molars, with distinct and divergent roots, 
the man of Spy takes the lowest position among the subspecies 
of man. Second, that in the relative proportions of the pre- 
molars and molars with each other and among themselves, he 
possesses some characters lower than any of the known races of 
man, and approximates near to the apes. Third, that in the 
echelon arrangement of the external wall of the molars, he 
presents a peculiarity more strongly pronounced than either 
man or apes, and whose true significance can not now be deter- 
mined. It occurs in the abnormal V-shaped maxillary arch of 
existing men, but the arch in the man of Spy has not this 
character, but is fully rounded, and as it occurs in both sexes, 
it is not probably an abnormality. 
In conclusion, it may be observed that we have in the Homo 
neanderthalensis a greater number of simian characteristics 
than exist in any of the known races of the Homo sapiens, 
although, so far as known, he belongs to the genus Homo. The 
posterior foot, so far as preserved, indicates this to be the case. 
The foot-character, which distinguishes the genera Homo and 
and Simia still remains. There is still, to use the language of 
Fraipont and Lohest, “an abyss” between the man of Spy and 
the highest ape; though, from a zoological point of view, it is o 
not a wide one. | 
The flints which were discovered in the stratum of cave 
deposit containing the human remains, are of the paleolithic 
type known as Mousterien in France, which are of later origin 
