246 METAMORPHOSES OF MAN 



the Carlsmark curate's doctrines,* are a few of a 

 particularly interesting character, which we shall 

 briefly allude to. 



Huberts observations, and modern anatomical re- 

 searches, have proved that the reproductive organs of 

 bees are so contrived, that the union of the sexes can 

 only occur during flight. Now, those females which, 

 through imperfect development, or accident, or the 

 scissors of an experimenter, have been deprived of 

 their wings, before union, nevertheless deposit fertile 

 ova, but the latter never give rise to any but male 

 individuals. 



Nay, more, if a matron queen be exposed to a cold 

 temperature, capable of altering the character of the 

 fertilizing liquid, or if through any organic lesion the 

 communication between the pouch containing this 

 liquid and the oviduct be cut off, she will henceforth 

 produce males alone, t although heretofore she may 

 have produced individuals of both sexes. 



* M. Berlepsch, a skilful and well-known agriculturist, has a 

 magnificent establishment at Seebach, which is devoted to the 

 breeding of bees. On several occasions he has placed his apiary 

 at the disposal of both savants and interested practitioners. It was 

 with him that Siebold and Leuckart made those observations which 

 established the unexpected phenomena of which we have been 

 speaking. Siebold informs us, too, that Berlepsch had the honour 

 of preserving Zierzon's views when, on account of an unsuccessful 

 experiment, he was about to abandon them. His researches were 

 published in the journal of apiculture entitled " Erchstadter Bie- 

 nenzeitung" (Siebold). 



t This was observed by M. Berlepsch. It is to this distinguished 

 amateur also that we owe the discovery of the influence of cold ; 

 and Leuckart having made a post-mortem examination of an indi- 

 vidual thus experimented on, found that the male element had 

 been destroyed. 



