i alts a 
54 FLOWERS 
Study the perianth, androecium, and gynoecium of 
a white water lily or Canna, following the above outline, 
omitting the experiments and sections of anthers and — 
ovaries. Do you find any apparent relation in structure 
between the floral organs in these flowers? Draw all 
organs necessary to make this interrelation clear. Is 
there any apparent relation between leaves and sepals in 
any flowers you have worked on. Study various flowers 
you may find outside of the laboratory in order to answer 
this question. Morphologically, what do sepals, peta's, 
stamens and pistils appear to be? Entire flowers? Give 
reasons for your answers. 
Pollination.—The transfer of pollen from anther to 
stigma is called pollination ; if from an anther to a stigma 
in the same fiower, close-pollination; if from an anther of 
a flower to a stigma of a different flower, cross-pollina- 
tion. Outside the laboratory study at least six flowers 
which are fertilized by cross-pollination, and describe 
with regard to color, structure and odor. In what way 
do these characteristics facilitate cross-pollination? By 
means of what agents is pollen transferred? 
Study and describe two flowers which are fertilized 
by close pollination. 
Note the arrangement of various flowers on stems 
after reading Bergen’s Foundations of Botany, pp. 186- 
I9I, or Bergen’s Elements of Botany, pp. 131-136. 
Literature. 
Stevens: Introduction to Botany.........¢26¢lce0e sues 162-206 
Avebury: Flowers, Fruits and Leaves.............cceceees 1-44 
Bergen and Davis: Principles of Botany............... 123-146 
Coulter: Plant Relations. ..5..... 26s ss os eee ae 123-137 
ANE PTAGIOTA 2). ESOURING oa ie''s ones Soares ou bd erblee @ ce 443-449; 318-338 
Coulter: Plant Structures... os... 260% eee 218-231; 181-217 
All-other werks on Botany ....0.0.000... 2, see ese See index 
