1893.] Notes on Marine Laboratories of Europe. 627 
I.—FRANCE. 
The extended sea-coast has ever been of the greatest aid to 
the French student—along the entire northern coast the chan- 
nel is not unlike our Bay of Fundy in the way it sweeps the 
waters out at the lunar tides. The rocks on the coast of Brit- 
tany, massive bowlders, swept and rounded by the rushing 
waters, will at these times become exposed to a depth as great 
as 40 feet. This is the harvest-time of the collector; he is 
enabled to secure the animals of the deep with his own hand, 
to take them carefully from the rocky crevices where they 
would ever have avoided the collecting dredge. From earliest 
times this region has been the field of the naturalist. It was 
here that Cuvier, during the Reign of Terror, made his studies 
on marine invertebrates which were to precede his Règne 
Animal. The extreme westernmost promontories of Brittany 
have, for the last half century, been the summer homes of de 
Quatrefages, Coste, Audouin, Milne-Edwards and de Lacaze- 
Duthiers. Coste created a laboratory at Concarneau, but this 
has come to be devoted to practical fish culture, and is, at the 
present day, of little scientific interest. It is owing to the 
exertions of Professor de Lacaze-Duthiers of the Sorbonne, 
that the two governmental stations of biology have since 
been founded. The first was established at Roscoff, in one of 
the most attractive and favorable collecting regions in 
Brittany, and has continued to grow in importance for the last 
twenty years. As this station, however, could be serviceable 
during summer only, it gave rise to a smaller dependency of 
the Sorbonne in the southernmost part of France, on the 
Mediterranean, at Banyuls, which had the additional advan- 
tage of a Mediterranean fauna. 
To these French stations should be added that of Professor 
Giard, at Wimereaux near Boulogne, in the rich collecting fun- 
nel of the Straits of Dover; that of Professor Sabatier at Cette, 
not far from Banyuls, a dependency of the University of 
Montpelier; that of Marseilles and the Russian station at 
Ville-Franche, near the Italian frontier. An interesting sta- 
tion in addition, is that at Arcachon near Bordeaux, founded 
