1893.] Animal Intelligence. 935 
and that, although each time after incepting a grain it went 
away to some distance, it knew how to find its way back to 
the cell again which furnished this nutriment."* Oysters 
taken from a bank never uncovered by the sea, open their 
shells, lose the water within and soon die; but oysters kept in 
a reservoir and occasionally left uncovered, learn to keep their 
shells closed and live much longer when taken out of the 
water? This is an act of intelligence due directly to experience 
without even the factor of heredity. It is an instance of 
almost immediate adaptation to surrounding circumstances 
One would not expect to find examples of animal intelligence 
in such a low order as the Helicidx, yet several instances can 
be adduced where snails have not only shown ratiocination, 
but have also evinced love and affection. 
A gentleman fixed a land-snail, with the mouth of the shell 
upward, in a chink of a rock. The animal protruded its foot 
to the utmost extent and, attaching it above, tried to pull the 
shell vertically in a straight line. Then it stretched its body 
to the right side, pulled, and failed to move the shell. It then 
stretched its foot to the left side, pulled with allits strength 
and released the shell. There were intervals of rest between 
these several attempts, during which, the snail remained 
quiescent. Thus we see that it exerted force in three direc- 
tions, never twice in the same direction, which fact proves 
conscious determination and no slight degree of intelligence. 
An observer, Mr. Lonsdale, placed two snailsin a small and 
badly kept garden. One of them was weak and poorly nour- 
ished, the other strong and well. The strong one disappeared 
and was traced by its slimy track over a wall into a neighbor- 
ing garden where tlfere was plenty of food. Mr. Lonsdale 
thought that it had deserted its mate, but it subsequently 
appeared and conducted its comrade over the wall into the 
bountiful food supply ofthe neighboring garden. It seemed 
to coax and assist its feeble companion when it lingered on 
ihe way. Here we see not only an example of memory and 
*Ibid. 
*Dicquemase: Journal de Physique, Vol. XXVIII, p. 244. 
*White: A Londoner's walk to Edinburgh, p. 155. 
* 
