1893.] Quarry Refuse in America and Europe. 977 
which all peoples in an age of stone made their blade-like im- 
plements, or gives us a universal clue to a “finished imple- 
ment " wherever found. 
We must bear in mind (1) that the Easter Island hafted ob- 
sidian splinters (Fig. 9) and the Australian unworked flakes 
(Fig. 7) set in masses of * black boy " gum, for use as knives, 
hammering tools or saws, prove that specialization is not 
a universal test of a finished implement. Though as 
“finished " as arrow-heads, who would call them so when the 
mounts had rotted? And who could distinguish the white 
flint flakes used recently by the Andamanese to shave their 
heads," or the Admirality Island knife-chips of obsidian minus 
the gum, from “quarry refuse.” 
(2) That the “ Teshoas” used as scrapers by the Shoshones 
(observed near Fort Bridger by Dr. Joseph Leidy in 1870)," of 
which I have found duplicates in the Delaware and Susque- 
hanna Valleys, together with the pebbles from which it appears 
that they have been knocked (see Fig. 8)", are, though finished 
implements, not specialized, and illustrate a phase of pebble 
chipping not noted in the study of quarries. 
(3) That the above-mentioned Easter Island hafted splinters, 
(See Fig. 9) though again finished implements, could not have 
been preceded by “turtlebacks” in their manufacture, and that 
the Jasper flake exhibited in the National Museum (see Ray Col- 
lection and Smithsonian Report, 1886, part 1, plate XX) as the 
starting point for arrow-head making among the north-west 
coast Indians, would probably not have looked like a “ turtle- 
back " or * quarry reject " if cast aside after partial working. 
I found several little “ turtlebacks " at the Jasper quarry at 
Maeungie (about one inch in length), while the well-worked 
end of a small blade protruding from a shapeless mass at the 
Saucon Creek quarry, seemed to evidence a procedure not 
13 See Observations by Col. A. Lane Fox, Journal of the Anthropologi- 
cal Inst. of Great Britain, etc., May, 1878, p. 446. 
14 See Hayden’s U. S. Geological Report for 1873. 
13 See paper on ‘‘Pebbles Chipped by Modern Indians, as an Aid to the 
Study of the Trenton Gravel Implements," Proc. Am. Ass. for Adv. of 
Sci., Vol. XLI, 1892, p. 287. 
