1893.] Archeology and Ethnology. 1023 
ARCHEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. 
Explorations in the Delaware Valley.—Mr. H. C. Mercer has 
made the following report to the department of Archeology and Pale- 
ontology of the University of Pennsylvania, on the progress of field 
work. 
The study of the ancient argillite quarries at Gaddis Run, Bucks 
County, Pa., discovered May 22, 1893, and bearing directly on the 
problem of the antiquity of Man in Eastern North America, is of 
great importance, because 
(a) These quarries, unlike the jasper mines in the Delaware Valley, 
recently proved to bethe work of modern Indians, are workings by 
some ancient people in argillite (metamorphosed slate with conchoidal 
fracture), the same stone with which numerous observers assert that 
Man living on the lower Delaware, at the time of the melting of the 
great glacier, made his rude implements; because 
(b) Granting that glacial man, obtaining his material either at this 
first outcrop of the rock on the right river bank above his habitat, or 
from erratic ice-born masses in the river bed, chipped argillite imple- 
ments at Trenton 7 to 10,000 years ago, we may here learn whether 
the quarries were the work of the modern Indian, or of an older race 
—of a stone chipper ignorant of stone polishing, (Paleolithic Man), or 
of a stone chipper who could also polish stone, (Neolithic Man), and 
because 
(c) The quarries, if the work of the Neolithic Indian, may show us 
to what extent the use of argillite was continued into recent times, and 
whether, as at the jasper quarries of Durham, Vera Cruz, Macungie 
and Saucon Creek, the chipped refuse is scattered with “ wasters” or 
blocked out blades resembling in form the supposed more ancient spe- 
cimens found in the glacial gravel at Trenton. 
The sum of $19.25 of the $25 subscribed for exploration by the 
Board since the last meeting of the American Committee, has thus far 
resulted in the ascertaining by shafts of the extent of the quarried 
area, the mapping of the 19 ancient pits and 12 workshops, the study 
of the quality and fracture of the native stone, the cleaning out of one 
of the pits and trenching of 2 refuse heaps by shaft A, 21 feet by 15 
feet 7 inches by 7 feet deep, and shaft G, 28 feet by 7 feet 6 inches by 
3 feet 9 inches deep, discovering 279 chipped leaf-shaped forms and 
