PHYSIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA HEPATIC 23 
noted that a certain percentage of spores do not germinate at 
all, but may be seen in a collapsed and shrunken condition 
within the capsule. 
Most of the plants examined were infected by a mycorrhizal 
fungus that agrees closely in structure and habit with the one 
described by Cavers. Our observations confirm this as to the 
presence of starch within infected cells which is contrary to the 
view of Golenkin,’ who investigated a number of infected 
hepatice, including Fegatella, and states that infected cells 
contain no starch or chloroplasts. 
Our material was found growing on sandy soil containing 
considerable humus and it was found that but few rhizoids 
contained hyphze. No plants were observed in which the 
ventral tissue of the midrib was infected to any extent as 
shown by Cavers in plants collected near the sewer-like drains 
of tanneries and similar works. All infected plants were in 
vigorous, healthy, growing condition and so far as could be 
ascertained, the presence of a fungus entails no such disastrous 
effects as one may observe in more delicate forms such as 
Fossombronia or Aneura. 
ADAPTATION OF CERTAIN LIVERWORTS TO THE DRY SEASON. 
It is commonly assumed that bryophytes are, in general, mois- 
ture-loving plants. While this is to a great extent true it may 
easily be shown that there are many important exceptions. 
Among the mosses we have only to note such forms as Grzm- 
mia, Hedwegia, Andreea and many others common to different 
parts of the world growing on exposed rock surfaces, with abil- 
ity to revive promptly and resume growth after the first rain. 
Likewise many foliose Jungermanniacez, common in the east- 
ern part of the United States, are capable of withstanding 
drought periods of considerable length, lying practically dor- 
mant throughout the rainless interval. ‘To what extent eastern 
thallose Jungermanniacee are capable of withstanding drought 
is a question, that so far as the writer is aware, has not yet been 
investigated. 
In this section of California, and more particularly the low- 
'Loc. cit., pp. 209-220. 
