520 TRANSACTIONS LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCLETY. 
02, Orb.V.). Just behind the origin of the funnel pro- 
tractors are seen t\vo veins from the muscles of the head, 
and a single ventral vein formed by the union of two 
running down the back of the funnel (fig. 52, .V’.). At 
the level of the posterior edge of the funnel another branch 
enters, which is formed by the union of branches from the 
anterior surface of the visceral envelope and the posterior . 
dorsal funnel wall (fig. 52). Further back the anterior 
vena cava receives a vessel dorsally from the antero- 
ventral surface of the liver. This vessel also receives a 
vein from the wall of the rectum. Ventrally, about the 
same level, a pair of veins comes in from the funnel 
depressors, receiving small branches from the visceral 
envelope on their way. The next branch is from the 
septal muscle, and is succeeded by another large vein 
from the liver, entering dorsally, and draining the. pos- 
terior part of this organ. The final vessel which enters, 
just before bifurcation, is from the intestine. The small 
side fig. in fig. 52 illustrates the two valves at the anterior 
end of the vena cava. 
The Lateral Yenae Cavae, and the two vessels which 
run into them from the venous sinus, bear the so-called 
venous appendages on their posterior walls (fig. 652, 
Abd.V. and L.V.C.). These appendages are club-shaped 
outgrowths of the vessel wall, arranged in five or six 
irregular rows, the narrow end being that by which they 
open into the veins. On opening up the lateral vena cava 
(fig. 56) and examining the posterior internal wall, one 
sees the circular aperture leading into each venous 
appendage. This aperture opens into a short vessel whose 
walls are again pierced by other smaller apertures leading 
into a smaller series of vessels similarly pierced, and so 
on, so that each appendage contains in its interior a 
system of radiating vessels which ultimately opens into 
