Vol. 56.] 8TRUCTUBE OF THE MALVERN AND ABBERLEY HILLS. 195 



member of the great Hercynian mountain-system, itself pro- 

 duced chiefly during Coal-Measure times. (See p. 183.) 



13. The movements parallel to each of the two sets of axes marking 



the folds both of the Western Midland district and of the 

 coalfields of Southern Britain took place chiefly in the limited 

 interval between the deposition of the older and the newer Coal 

 Measures. The two movements were, therefore, practically 

 simultaneous, as in the case of the two sets of intersecting 

 folds on the Continent. (See pp. 180-182.) 



14. The Haffield Breccia is unconformable, not only to all the 



older rocks of the Malvern and Abberley Ranges, but also 

 to the Upper Coal Measures. It was deposited over much, if 

 not the whole, of the two ranges. (See pp. 165, 183.) 



15. There is no evidence to prove that the Malvern and Abberley 



Hills formed part of a shore-line against which the Triassic 

 beds were deposited, for the Upper Bunter Sandstone appears 

 to form the base of the Trias throughout the Malvern and 

 Abberley district, and rests unconformably, but without 

 appreciable difference of dip, upon the Haflield Breccia, 

 together with which it passed over the site of the West- 

 of-England Chain. (See pp. 185, 189.) 



16. The 'Permian' (Haffield Breccia) and Trias are let down 

 on the eastern side of the hills by a post-Liassic fault, 

 the downthrow of which has been greatly overestimated. 

 This brings various portions of the Trias against the Lower 

 Palaeozoic and Archaean of the old chain. The fault 

 follows to a remarkable extent a line parallel to the western 

 front of the old ranges. (See pp. 190, 192.) 



With this movement the present Malvern and Abberley 

 Ranges, constituting the original western front of the old 

 mountain-land, became for the first time defined, and 

 separated from the rest of the latter: this, having been 

 sunk with the overlying Permian and Trias, remains still 

 buried, while denudation has laid bare the older rocks of the 

 West-of-England Chain itself. 1 



17. In addition to the post-Liassic faulting, other movements have 



affected the Malvern and Abberley area since Coal-Measure 

 times. These movements have often followed the lines of 

 the Hercynian folding. (See p. 193.) 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. 



G-eological Map of the Middle and Northern Portions of the Malvern 

 Range and of the Southern Portion of the Abberley Range on the scale 

 of 3 inches to the mile. 



1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. It (1899) pp. 156 & 157. 



