Vol. 56.] LIMESTONES FROM KATHIAWAR, ETC. 501 



oolite-grains, which from their size and shape are susceptible of 

 movement by the wind — are in this manner carried many miles 

 inland and often high above the level of the sea, where they form 

 stratified deposits which at first sight appear, from their structure 

 and the organisms whence the grains are derived, to be marine 

 deposits. On further examination, however, there is seen to be a 

 remarkable absence of marine organic remains larger than those 

 which could be easily transported by the wind, and if there are 

 any large fossils they are found to be terrestrial forms. 



Littoral calcareous deposits occupy an intermediate position, both 

 with respect to the materials of which they are composed and the 

 structures which they exhibit (see p. 574). 



In the neighbourhood of the coast-line of most of the countries 

 bordering on the Arabian Sea are a number of granular calcareous 

 deposits which sometimes show well-defined false-bedding. They 

 are characterized by the presence of foraminifera, which play an 

 important, though scarcely a predominant, part in their composition, 

 and were called the Miliolitic formation or Miliolite by 

 H. J. Carter, who first examined them microscopically, on account 

 of the prevalence of forms belonging to the genus Miliola : see [3] 

 pp. 166-67, 169-73 ; [4] A p. 34 & B p. 568 ; [5] A p. 314 & B 

 p. 757. 



In giving a short account of these beds, and discussing their 

 mode of origin and the points whereby they illustrate the principles 

 outlined in these introductory remarks, I have taken the limestone 

 of Junagarh in Kathiawar as the type. I had an opportunity of 

 examining it some years ago, when engaged in geological and 

 prospecting work in the Junagarh State. It has not hitherto been 

 described, but from the thickness to which it is developed, and the 

 interest of its structure and contents, it seems not unworthy of 

 attention. 



The micro-organic remains have been carefully worked out by 

 Mr. Frederick Chapman, whose results appear in the paper fol- 

 lowing this. 



II. The Junagarh Limestone. (Map, fig. 1, p. 562.) 



The city of Junagarh, the capital of the Kathiawar State of the 

 same name, is situate on an extensive hill formed of a granular 

 calcareous rock, known as the Junagarh Stone or Limestone, 

 which rests on the flat denuded surface of the Deccan Trap imme- 

 diately west of the isolated mountain-group known as Girnar, and 

 at a distance of about 30 miles from the sea. 



The citadel or Uparikot 1 occupies the summit, which rises to a 

 height of 488 feet above sea-level. On the north and east there 

 is a steep descent to the River Sonrakhi, which emerges from 

 Girnar by a narrow gorge opposite the Uparikot and passes north 

 <of the city ; on the west the ground slopes more gently. In the 



1 This is, I believe, the correct spelling, but the i is scarcely pronounced. 



