Vol. 56.] LIMESTONES PROM KATHIAWAK, ETC. 567 



IV. Deposits in Kach. (Map, fig. 2, p. 565.) 



Deposits of a similar character are also found in Kach (also spelt 

 Kutch or Cutch), where they were described by Mr. A. B. Wynne, 

 of the Geological Survey of India [8], under the name of ' concrete,' 

 as occurring both on low ground at the foot of the hills bordering 

 on the Ean l as well as high in the glens., It is sometimes inter- 

 stratified with ' coarse soft calcareous sands' {op. cit. p. 93). Along 

 the coast at two or three places west of Mandavi, a littoral ' concrete,' 

 formed of the shore-sand consolidated and cemented by carbonate of 

 lime, is worked between tides (ibid.). A small patch of ' subrecent 

 littoral concrete' full of marine shells is stated to occur on the 

 northern shore of Pacham (or Putchum) at a height of nearly 20 feet 

 above the Ean {op. cit. pp. 27 & 103). 



Subsequently some of the Kach deposits were examined in greater 

 detail by Prof. J. E. Blake [10], who states (p. 229) that they 



' consist of fine particles very slightly agglutinated so that a blow of the hammer 

 shatters them to dust. Some southern varieties are tougher, and are used for 

 building. . . . They are for the most part obliquely laminated, and in this 

 case the slope of the laminse in the part of the deposit nearest the solid rock is 

 in the direction of that rock. In composition the majority are mostly white 

 sand cemented with calcareous matter. In the more southerly exposures there 

 are calcareous particles also, which are completely rounded, and on exami- 

 nation appear to be organic fragments. All the localities may be described as 

 spots where a wind coming from the west or south would be stopped by an 

 obstacle, or where a shelter-spot exists on a long scarp.' 



He urges that these strata cannot be marine, as the only large 

 organic remains are land-shells (Buliminus), and that rocks laid 

 down under water never have this loose porous structure. 



It will be noticed that the Kach deposits described by Prof. 

 Blake differ considerably from the Junagarh Limestone and Por- 

 bandar Stone ; they are much less pure, containing in fact a large 

 proportion of arenaceous material, and are apparently of a rather 

 more friable nature. 2 



Y. Similae Beds on the South-eastern Coast of Arabia anb the 

 Islands in the Persian Gulf. (Map, fig. 3, p. 568.) 



It is on the south-eastern seaboard of Arabia that limestones of 

 the Junagarh or ' miliolite '-type are most extensively developed. 

 They have been described in some detail by H. J. Carter [4].* 

 They usually overlie the Nummulitic Limestone, but sometimes rest 



1 Also spelt Eunn: a low sandy waste, flooded in the rainy season, and 

 formerly covered by the sea. 



2 The same characters will probably be also found in the deposits described 

 by Mr. Fedden as occurring in the gorges of the hills of Western Kathiawar. 

 I have never examined them, but cannot believe that the rule laid down by 

 him, that the beds in the interior are purer than those immediately adjoining 

 the sea-shore, applies in all cases to deposits found at a considerable distance 

 from the coast ; see p. 573 of this paper. 



3 See also [3] & [5j. 



