| The External Form of Plants.- 147 
surface:are the actual fruits. The apple again is a pseudo- 
carp [here termed a Zome], the flesh being mainly developed 
out of the calyx-tube, which even when in flower is adherent 
to the ovary. In the spinach the perianth, in the oat the 
glumes, take part in the formation of the pseudo- 
carp. Pseudocarps are sometimes formed 
not of simple, but of multiple fruits. Thus the 
mulberry (Fig. 302) is a psewdo-syncarp, result- 
ing from the coalescence of the bracts with the i Op 
perianth ; and the same is the case also with y 
the pineapple, the fig (Fig. 215, p. 118), the = 
_breadfruit, &c. | Fic. 302.—Mul- 
: tiple pseudo 
carp of the 
mulberry. 
OF aa 
- ml i BP 
Additional examples of the participation of the calyx 
or of the perianth in the production of the fruit have 
already been adduced (pp. 126, 134). Mention has yet to be made 
of the husk in which the hazelnut is seated, this being the greatly 
8 enlarged perianth ; while on the other hand 
| the cup or caupule of the oak, beech, and 
sweet chestnut arises from a cup-shaped organ 
Fic. 303.—I. Acorn of Quercus sesstliflora with two Fic. 304.—a Scale of 
empty cupules; II. longitudinal section through the larch-cone seen 
the fertilised pistillate flower, with the cupule in an from above ; 4 one of 
early state. _ . its two winged naked 
_ seeds, z.e. not enclosed 
in an ovary. 
which is formed only after fertilisation between the ovary and the 
perianth, and produces leaves on its outer margin (Fig. 303). 
Special reference must be made to the Coniferze, in which 
there is no ovary, but only naked ovules (Fig. 304), and 
which therefore cannot form a true fruit. The cone of 
Coniferze is an assemblage of seeds. 
L2 
