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Structural and Physiological 
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: Botany. 
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rose contains several achenes. The fruit of the elm, 
ash, ao < 4 
_. maple, &c. (Fig. 319, p.151), known asa samara,isanachene 
[or schizocarp] with membra- 
nous appendages or wings | which 
jf — wind through the air].! 
NEY 
(( 5 THE SEED. 
{i IE The seed or mature ovule is 
\ the organ by means of which the 
Se higher plants are chiefly propa- 
Se ane gated. It 1s connected with the 
iG, 9327.—;-Achene or cypsela of © : 
Centaurea Cyanus, entire and cut placenta or part of the internal 
through lengthwise (magnified). : i 
wall of the ovary to which it 
1s attached, by a more or less strongly developed stalk or 
funtculus (Fig. 326); when this is so short as to appear to 
be altogether absent, the seed is said to be sesszle. 
The arz//us is an appendage springing from the point of 
attachment of the seed to the placenta or Ac/um, from 
Fic. 328.—I., II., I1I., Development of the arillus of the yew; IV. longitudinal 
section through the ripe fruit. 
whence it rises up and envelopes it. In the ripe seed of the 
willow it is split up into long silky hairs ; in the nutmeg it 
1 [The zzz (e.g. hazel-nut) and glans (e.g. acorn) are one-seeded 
achenes resulting by abortion from a trilocular ovary, in which the epi- 
carp is more or less lignified. The caryopsts, characteristic of grasses, 
is an achene in which the membranous pericarp adheres closely to the — 
seed ; the inferior achene of Composite is sometimes called a cypsela, 
The hesperidium, as in the orange, isa multilocular berry in which there 
isa remarkable development of succulent cells from the endocarp.—ED. ] 
I// enable it to be carried by the 
