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‘Special M. orphology and Classification. 343 
under of rounder cells; the latter being, therefore, of a 
looser texture and often penetrated by wide air-passages. 
[The following are the more important orders of Monocotyledons, 
arranged, with slight variation, according to Bentham and Hooker, those 
of less importance, and even one or two of the cohorts, being omitted : 
Division I. Flowers glumaceous. 
Cohort I. GLUMALES. Flowers in the axils of scales (glumes), 
which are arranged in spixelets ; perianth absent, or consisting of 
minute scales or hairs or bristles ; stamens one to three, rarely more ; 
ovary unilocular with one ovule; fruit a caryopsis; endosperm fleshy or 
floury ; embryo immersed or not. Grasses or grass-like herbs. 
Order 1. GRAMINE&.  Perianth absent, or of two, rarely three or 
six minute oblique scales ; anthers versatile ; fruit grooved on one side ; 
embryo outside the endosperm on one side of its base ; stem usually 
fistular, terete ; leaf-sheaths split to the base.] Herbs, rarely, as in 
the bamboo, woody, shrubby plants; the cylindrical, usually hollow, 
stem, septated at the nodes, is called a ca/m. At the point of union 
of the divided leaf-sheath and the lamina— which is always entire and 
parallel-veined— is a membranous structure [of a stipular character], the 
ligule (Fig. 147, p. 92). The flowers are hermaphrodite, seldom monce- 
cious, as in the maize, and are usually arranged in a panicle or spike, 
which, however, bears secondary spikes or spikelets instead of flowers. 
Each of these spikelets (Fig. 461) consists of a rachis, on which are placed 
the small inconspicuous flowers, concealed among closely crowded foliar 
structures. The two lowermost of the scale-like bodies usually have - 
no flowers in their axis, and thus serve as a common envelope for the 
whole spikelet, and are termed g/umes. The flowers, which are ar- 
ranged in two rows, are solitary in the axils cf the next scales; and 
since each flower has also at its base a special scale, it has two belong- 
ing to it, which are called falee, an exterior or inferior, and an in- 
terior or superior one. ‘The inferior pale has a mid-rib, which is often 
prolonged at the apex into a bristle, projecting from the back of the 
pale, and is called an awz (Figs. 462, 463). The inner pale has no 
midrib, but often two lateral nerves, and is hence bidentate at the apex. 
Within the palez, and alternating with them, are two, rarely, as in 
the sugar-cane, three minute scales, the /odzcules, which correspond to 
the perianth. The stamens are three, rarely two (in Anthoxanthum), 
or six (in the rice), the anthers being versatile at the end of long fila- 
ments (Fig. 270, p. 138). The ovary is superior, unilocular and with 
a single ovule, and usually bears two, less often (in Ma7dus) one, or 
