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382 Structural and Physiological Botany, = 
usually four and didynamous, less often two, as in Veronica ; ovary 
superior, and generally surrounded by a disc, syncarpous and bilocular, 
divided by the dissepiment. Fruit capsular, rarely baccate ; seeds 
with endosperm and straight embryo (see Figs. 249 and 297, pp. 130, 
144). [The genera are very numerous, and include Sadlpiglossis, 
Schizanthus, Calceolaria, Linaria, Antirrhinum, Maurandia, Lophosper- 
mum, Paulownia, Scrophularia, Penstemon, Mimulus, Gratiola, Digitalis, 
Veronica, Bartsia, Luphrasia, Melampyrum, Rhinanthus, Pedicularis, 
Verbascum.| ‘The most important medicinal species is the foxglove, 
Digitalis purpurea ; the leaves of Gratiola officinalis are also officinal. 
A large number of genera are cultivated in gardens for the beauty. of | 
their flowers. Many species are root-parasites. . 
[To this cohort belong also the orders U¢riculariacee (Utricularia, 
Pinguicula); Orobanchacee (Orobanche, Lathrea); Gesneracee (Gesnera, 
Gloxinia, Achimenes, Colummnea, Cyrtandra); Bignoniacee (Bignonia, 
Catalpa, Tecoma, Eccremocarpus ); Acanthacee (Ruellia, Goldfussia, 
Acanthus, Fusticia, Adhatoda); Sesamacee (Sesamum, Craniolaria, 
Martynia, Pedaliumy). | 
- with a large number of anatropous ovules, attached to an axile placenta — 
Cohort I]. LAMIALEs. Perianth usually bilabiate, rarely nearly or 
quite regular, hypogynous ; stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes, rarely 
as many, unequal, usually four and didynamous, rarely two ; ovary 2+4- ~ 
locular ; style simple ; stigmas one or two; ‘ovules solitary in each 
loculus, very rarely two or more; fruit an indehiscent drupe, or com- 
posed of two or four nucules. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with exstipulate 
leaves. | 
Order 1. LABIATA. (Figs. 489-492.) Herbaceous or suffruticose 
plants, usually with square stem and opposite (decussate) or verticillate 
exstipulate leaves. The flowers are arranged in compact cymes (verdi- 
cillasters) in the axils of the leaves ; and the separate inflorescences are 
often so crowded as to give to the whole the appearance of a compound 
spike. The tubular, usually bilabiate, calyx is persistent ; the corolla usu- 
ally ringent and bilabiate, rarely regular ; in the former case the upper 
lip consists of two, the lower lip of three teeth (petals); the structure of 
the bilabiate calyx being the reverse. Stamens rarely two, usually four, — 
of two unequal lengths (didyzamous) ; but the anthers are not always 
. perfectly developed, sometimes consisting of one lobe only, the other — 
lobe being barren, as in Salvia (Fig. 269, p. 1338), The mode of de-— 
hiscence of the anthers also varies ; in Galeopsis it is transverse. The 
style is gynobasic, or rises from the base of the deeply four-lobed ovary, 
which is placed on an inferior disc ; each division of the ovary contains _ 
only a single ovule, with its micropyle directed downwards. Fruit 
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