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= ae Special Morphology and Classification. 409. 
number to the lobes of the calyx, and contorted in zstivation [while the 
_ calyx is valvate] ; the filaments of the numerous stamens are coherent at 
their base with the petals, and united into a tube which encloses the 
superior ovary ; the anthers are unilocular and dehisce in a semicircular 
line ; the ovary multicarpellary, the carpels arranged round a central 
axis, and either free or united ; the fruit a capsule or schizocarp ; the 
cotyledons of the straight embryo are folded together, and the seed has 
little or no endosperm. [Principal genera :—JMalope, Althea, Lavatera, 
Malva, Fiibiscus, Gossypium, Sida, Abutilon, Adansonia, Lombax, 
Eriodendron, Durio.| Many plants belonging to this order are officinal 
on account of the quantity of mucilage they contain, as the roots of 
Althea officinalis, the flowers of the hollyhock Althea rosea, and of 
A. sylvestris, and the foliage of MJalva rotundifolia, Cotton consists 
of the hairs attached to the testa of several species of Crossypium,' 
_ especially G. herbaceum, arboreum, and religtosum, natives of all tropical 
countries. The baobab, Adansonia digztata of West Africa, is one of 
the most gigantic of trees. [The fruit of Du7zo is edible. 
The other orders of the cohort are Sterculiacee (Lastopetalum, 
_Butinerta, Theobroma, Sterculia, Thomasia); and TZilacee (Grewia, 
Tilia, Triumfetta, Corchorus, Eleocarpus). 
Cohort [I]. GUTTIFERALES. Flowers regular; sepals and petals 
each usually four or five, imbricate in bud ; stamens usually indefinite ; 
ovary 3- to multi-locular, rarely I- or 2-locular; placentation axile. 
_ Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Principal orders :—/ypericacee (fypert- 
cum); Guttifere (Clusia, Garcinia); Camelliacee (Ternstremia, Camellia, 
Thea, Caraipa, Marcgravia); Dipterocarpacee (Dryobalanops, Diptero- 
carpus, Shorea, Vateria). | 
Cohort III. CARYOPHYLLALES. Flowers regular; sepals two to 
five, rarely six ; petals usually as many as sepals ; stamens as many or 
twice as many, rarely more or fewer ; ovary unilocular, or imperfectly 
2- to 5-locular; placentation free central, rarely parietal; ovules 
campylotropous ; embryo usually curved, in a floury endosperm. | 
Order 1. CARYOPHYLLACE. (Figs. 524, 525.)* Herbs, very rarely 
shrubs, with simple, entire, opposite leaves, springing from tumid nodes, — 
and cymose inflorescence. The flowers are regular and pentamerous ; 
the calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, sometimes of 5 distinct sepals; the 
corolla of 5 distinct petals, which are often deeply bifid ; the stamens 
10, in two rows, though all are not always perfectly developed, the five 
inner ones often coherent with the base of the petals ; the pistil consists 
of from two to five carpels ; the placentation is free central, from the 
original dissepiments breaking away from the outer wall of the ovary 
before maturity ; the styles are free and equal in number to the original 
