Palaophytology. 423 
were also beautifully marked with scars. Associated with 
these were gigantic Equisetaceze known as Cadamites, of 
which those now existing are as dwarfish representatives 
as the Lycopodia are of the Sigillariz and Lepidodendra. 
There existed, however, also in those forests—the true 
primeval forests of the earth—herbaceous plants (Ferns), 
such as Anuularia, Asterophyllum, and Spenophyllum, as 
well as some Monocotyledons, Cycadez, and Coniferz ; and 
ee a 
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Fic. 542.—WNeuvropterts hetercphylla. 
even the number of species was quite considerable. The 
Sigillariz, Lepidodendra, Calamites, Asterophyllites, and 
possibly also the Tree-ferns, attained in this formation their 
maximum development ; in the succeeding one their number 
diminishes. In connection with other plants, and perhaps 
also with sea-weeds, they form the valuable deposits of coad. 
In this form they have undergone sometimes more, some- 
times less change, no trace of their vegetable structure 
