VIII THE FRUIT 
Fruit consists of ripened ovary in addition to seed, and in many 
cases with accessory parts as calyx, receptacie, etc., com- 
bined with it. 
Pericarp, part of the fruit which envelops seed. 
1. Carpels alone, or 
2. Carpels and adherent part of receptacle, or calyx. 
3. In many fruits pericarp differentiated into layers as in 
peach. cherny, vec: 
(1) Exocarp (outer), endocarp \(inner), 
(2) Sometimes three layers are recognized. 
a. Epicarp (skin) More often 
b. Mesocarp Gene en as exocarp. 
c. Endocarp (inner) 
Fruits are “dry” or “fleshy.” Two kinds of dry fruits. 
I. Indehiscent, those which do not open at maturity. 
2. Dehiscent, those which open at maturity. 
Indehiscent Fruits. 
The akene (buttercup, composite family, etc.) 
The samara, or key fruit (elm, maple, etc.) 
The caryopsis, the seed is consolidated with the wall of the 
ovary, wheat, corn, and other grasses. 
The schizocarp, a dry fruit of several locules separating at 
maturity (Umbel and mallow family). 
The acorn fruit (oaks), consists of the acorn and “cup” (cup 
formed from consolidated involucre). 
The hazelnut, chestnut, and beechnut. The invo:ucre forms 
a husk or bur which surrounds the nut. 
In the beechnut and chestnut the “bur” dehisces. 
The hickory nut, walnut and butternut. 
Hickory nut, the “shuck”’ consists.partly of ‘calyxvand 
partly of involucral bracts consolidated. The shuck 
dehisces. 
The “huli” of walnut and butternut probably the same 
origin as in hickory nut, but it does not dehisce. 
Walnut and butternut sometines called “stone fruits” or 
“drupes.” 
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