7th. Alternation of night and day, not continuous light as 
in Arctic. 3 
8th. Alternation heat and cold, again different from Arc- 
tic. 
Characters of Alpine vegetation. 
Characteristic vegetation above limit of tree growth: 
Vegetation forms similzr to those of polar lands. 
Types of alpine plants according to Schimper. 
Ist. Elfin tree, short, gnarled, horizontal stems. 
2nd. Alpine shrubs, dwarfed, creeping, much branched. 
3rd. Cushion type, branching profuse and compact. 
4th. Rosette tvpe, short stems and strong roots. 
sth. Alpine grasses, shorter leaves than grasses of low- 
lands. 
Variation of individuals of same species. 
Bonnier’s exp. Alpine plants cut in two, 
Ys in Alpine climate, lowland soil. 
¥ in lowland climate and lowland soil. 
In several places some of lowland halves took on char- 
acter of lowland species. 
XVIII STRAND FORMATION 
iy Pes hOmmounatiGle 
General types of strand. 
1.) NChOplyMe NOK alive srramds 
2. Hydrophytic, or moist strand. 
3. Many gradations between these two types. 
Variations as shown in the distribution of p!ants on the phone of 
Lake of the Woods, Minn. 
Flora of the strand can only be understood when studied in con- 
nection with the physical geography of the region. 
Note by MacMillan. 
Variations in the shore. 
1. Gyradient of the shore. 
2. Mechanical condition of the shore material. 
2, Percentare ol numus:. 
Kinds of strand. | 
~' 1. Rocky shores, or Lithophytic. 
2. Sandy shores, or Psammophytic. 
3. Loamy shores, or Humiphytic. 
46 
