Secondary or subordinate species in a formation. 
I. Species which are dominant in other similar places but 
subordinate here. 
2. Species characteristic of the locality but never so abun- 
dant as to dominate the formation. 
3. Species which are infiltrated in with the dominant vege- 
tation form and mark this area off from others. 
4. Guilds (or associates or companions), lianas, epiphytes, 
Ches 
5. Parasites. 
6. Wood destroying fungi. 
7. Humus forming fungi, etc. 
The general features of the study the teacher can iilustrate. 
Ist, Lantern slides of vegetation and formations of regions 
not illustrated in the local flora. 
2nd, By photographs illustrating the different physio- 
graphic or edaphic areas to be studied. 
3rd, Obtain small collection of plants to illustrate various 
features of the study. 
The student should keep a neat record, brief, but to the point. 
Notes can be supplemented with charts, photographs, pre-. 
served plants, etc. 
To chart extent and relations of plant formations 
See MacMillan, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 23, 502, 1806. 
Pieters, the Plants of Lake St. Clair, Bull, Miche wiish 
Com., No. 2, 1894, Lansing. 
Ganong, Vegetation of Bay of Funday Marshes,. Bot. 
Gaz. 36, 251 Too2, and others: 
58 
