Yol. 59.] OSSIFEKOUS CAVERN AT DOYEHOLES. 123 



VI. The Mammalia introduced by Water erom a 

 Hy3$na-Den at a Higher Level. 



In dealing with the remains of the fossil mammalia, we have 

 noted the presence of gnawed bones exhibiting the characteristic 

 teeth-marks of Hycena. We have also recorded the ulna of that 

 cave-haunting animal. The tooth-marked surface of the tibia of 

 Machairodus (PI. XI, fig. 1 a), and the gnawed shaft of a femur with 

 one end gnawed off and the other broken (PI. XI, fig. 4 a\ prove 

 that even this formidable carnivore is to be reckoned among its 

 prey. A fragment of a humerus, probably belonging to a calf- 

 Mastodon. is not only tooth-marked, but gnawed to the same shape 

 as the corresponding bones of woolly rhinoceros in hyaena-dens of 

 Pleistocene age (PI. XI, fig. 3). The preponderance in the cave at 

 Doveholes of the remains of young, as compared with old, teeth of 

 Mastodon, is exactly that which is noticeable, in the case of calf and 



Fig. 8. — Section of Windy Knoll. 



A = Eock. = Rubbish. 



B = Ossiferous loam, etc. D — Floor of quarry. 



E = Yellowish debris. 



[The portion excavated is enclosed with a dotted line.] 



adult mammoths, in all the hysena-dens, as for example Kirkdale, 

 Wookey Hole, and those of Creswell Crags. Had the remains 

 belonged to animals which had been drowned, and swept in from the 

 surface, they would have been in a condition more or less perfect, such 

 as those filling the mouth of a swallow-hole at Windy Knoll (fig. 8), 

 described in Quart. Journ. Greol. Soc. vol. xxxi (1875) p. 246, & 

 vol. xxxiii (1877) p. 724. Here the remains of bison, grizzly bears, 

 foxes, and wolves are sufficiently complete to allow, in some cases, 

 of the reconstruction of perfect limbs. It may further be remarked 

 that this latter accumulation, like that of Doveholes, is in the lime- 

 stone, and at a little distance from the Yoredale Series, and so placed 

 on a divide that it would be impossible, under present conditions, 

 for the clay and loam in it to have been washed into it from the 

 adjacent slopes of Yoredale Shale. The perfect bones of a rhinoceros, 



k2 



