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also used for torches, &c, in the central parts of the Punjab, where the 

 strips are called pachchian. The leaves are used as fodder. Stewart 

 mentions that sugarcane is sometimes grown without irrigation, the crop 

 being used as chart for feeding elephants. For figures see " Field and 

 Garden Crops, N.-W. Provinces and Oudh," Part I., and Church's 

 " Food-Grains of India," Fig. 14. 



S. Sara, Roxb. {Plate LI.) Vern. — Punjab : SarJcara and Jcanda 

 (Watt); Rajputana: Panni; Bundelkhand: Sarpat (Banda); Oudh: 

 Kanwar (Bhira); Bengal: Shur (Roxb.); Santali: Sarghds (Camp- 

 bell). 



A tall erect grass upwards of 12 feet high. Leaves flat, with cutting 

 edges ; sheaths 1-1 J feet long, with a tuft of hairs in the place of the 

 ligule. Panicle dense, much branched, open when in flower, afterwards 

 becoming condensed. 



Common in Rajputana, Bundelkhand, and in the Punjab. Of too 

 coarse a nature, except when quite young, to be used as fodder. Mr. 

 Coldstream says that the young flowering tops are regarded as good 

 fodder for milch cows. At Jeypur it is extensively used as a sand- 

 binding plant ; and the experiments which have been undertaken there 

 for arresting the movement of sand prove it to be very suitable for the 

 purpose. At Ajmere the flowering stems are called sarkanda, and the 

 leaf sheaths are known as munj. 



S. spontaneum, Linn. (Plate LII.) Syn. — S. cegyptiacum, Willd. 

 Vern. — General : Kdhs ; Punjab : Kduh ( Jhang and Muzaffargarh), 

 kdhi (Stewart); Sindh : Kahu (Watt.); Rajputana: Kd'ah (Mount 

 Abu); N.-W. Prov. and Oudh : Kahsa and kahsi (Allahabad), rara 

 (Lucknow), khagar (Kheri) ; Cent. Prov. : Kore gadi (Chanda), padar 

 (Balaghat) ; Hind: Kagara (Roxb.), kosa (Watt.); Teling: Relloo 

 gaddy (Roxb.). 



Perennial. Roots extensively creeping. Stems varying in height 

 from 5 to 15 feet according to the nature of the soil. Leaves long and 

 narrow, with hispid margins ; mouth of sheaths woolly. Panicle nar- 

 row, branches in verticels, simple. The quantity of wool-like pubes- 

 cence which surrounds the base of the spikelets renders this plant a 

 conspicuous object. 



Common in the plains, and on the Himalaya up to 5 or 6,000 feet; 

 usually in damp soils. Owing to its vigorous root-growth it is a most 

 difficult plant to eradicate from cultivated land. It is a favourite fodder 

 of buffaloes, and is also given to elephants when young. In the Jhang 

 Settlement Report it is stated to be found in the moistest portions of 



