Z32. 



THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 



panzees to macaques and from one macaque 

 to another. Infections in monkeys with 

 Endolimax nana from man have been 

 reported by Kessel (1917). From these 

 meager data it seems possible and even 

 probable that the Endolimax of monkeys 

 and man are of the same species. 



Iodamoebae (figs. 3a, 3b) were first 

 noted in monkeys (Macacus cynomolgus) 

 by Brug in 19x1; he believed them to be 

 Endolimax and gave them the specific name 

 kueneni, but his descriptions and figures 

 indicate that they belong to the genus 

 lodamoeba. Since then iodamoebae have 

 been reported from monkeys by Hegner 

 and Taliaferro (192.4, in Cebus variegatus), 

 Kessel (19x4, 192.7, in Macacus), Wenyon 

 (19x6, in the gorilla) and Smith (19x8, 

 in Macacus rhesus). Recently specimens 

 were found in the writer's laboratory in 

 the intestine. of a chimpanzee. Kessel 

 (19x4) claims to have infected both of 

 two Macacus monkeys with cysts of 

 lodamoeba from man, and Smith (19x8) 

 could find no differences between excys- 

 tation in iodamoebae from man and from 

 Macacus monkeys when cysts were fed to 

 guinea-pigs. Brug (19x1) states that the 

 cysts of lodamoeba kueneni possess a darkly 

 staining area not present in cysts from 

 man, but it does not seem probable that 

 this characteristic is constant. As in the 

 case of Endolimax the conclusion is 

 reached that the iodamoebae of monkeys 

 and man have not yet been shown to 

 belong to different species. 



Two species of amoebae that live in 

 man have not yet been reported from 

 monkeys so far as known to the writer. 

 These are Endamoeba gingivalis, which 

 inhabits the mouth, and Dientamoeba 

 fragilis of the intestine. Smears and 

 cultures from the mouths of many mon- 

 keys have been examined in the writer's 

 laboratory for E. gingivalis but without 

 success. Dientamoeba fragilis is rare in 



man and may probably live in monkeys 

 but has not been found thus far. Kessel 

 (19x4) claims to have found in Macacus 

 monkeys amoebae indistinguishable from 

 Councilmania lafleuri, a form that Kofoid 

 and Swezy (19x1) described as a new genus 

 and species from man but that is believed 

 by many protozoologists to be Endamoeba 

 coli, and reports the successful infection of 

 two monkeys with cysts of C. lafleuri from 

 man. None of the other doubtful species 

 of amoebae that have been described from 

 man have been encountered in monkeys. 



INTESTINAL PLAGE LLATES OT MONKEYS AND 



MAN 



Of the seven species of intestinal 

 flagellates that live in man three belong to 

 the genus Trichomonas and the other four 

 to the genera Chilomastix, Giardia, 

 Embadomonas, and Tricercomonas . An 

 eighth species of doubtful validity is 

 Enteromonas hominis. The trichomonads, 

 Chilomastix, and Giardia are relatively 

 common (see page XX7), whereas Embado- 

 monas and Tricercomonas are rare. Repre- 

 sentatives of all of these genera, with the 

 exception of Tricercomonas, have been 

 reported from monkeys. The tricho- 

 monads of man occur in the intestine 

 (Trichomonas hominis), in the mouth (T. 

 buccalis) and in the vagina (T. vaginalis). 

 Intestinal and vaginal trichomonads 

 occur in monkeys, but the mouth inhabit- 

 ing type has not been found, although 

 thorough search has been made for it in 

 the writer's laboratory. 



Vaginal trichomonads have been re- 

 ported from monkeys only once (Hegner 

 and Ratcliffe, 19x7); these were given the 

 name Trichomonas macacovaginae (fig. 6). 

 Trichomonads from the intestine of Maca- 

 cus monkeys when grown in culture and 

 injected into the vagina of uninfected 

 monkeys appeared in 4 of 6 cases to set up 

 at least temporary infections. These 



