2-34 



THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 



experiments furnish evidence that vaginal 

 and intestinal trichomonads may belong 

 to one species and that vaginal infections 

 are brought about by contamination with 

 fecal material (Hegner, 1918). No at- 

 tempts have been made to infect monkeys 

 with vaginal trichomonads from man or 

 vice versa. Morphologically the tricho- 

 monads from these two hosts are indis- 

 tinguishable. 



Intestinal trichomonads have been noted 

 in monkeys by Noc (1908) in a specimen 

 of Macacus cynomolgus , which was also 

 infected with amoebae and with the 

 ciliate, Balantidium coli, and was suffering 

 from dysentery; by Brumpt (1909b) in 

 Macacus sinicus monkeys, one of which was 

 dysenteric; by Greig and Wells (1911) 

 in Indian monkeys (Macacus sp.); by 

 Prowazek (1912) and Mello (192.3) in 

 young orangs; and by Dobell (1916), 

 Hegner and Ratcliffe (19x7), Kessel (1917), 

 Branch and Gay (1917), and Deschiens 

 (1917). Although these trichomonads 

 seem to possess no morphological charac- 

 teristics by means of which they can be 

 separated from human intestinal tricho- 

 monads, Deschiens (19x7) has proposed 

 the name Trichomonas anthropopitheci for 

 specimens he observed in captive chim- 

 panzees. Deschiens cultivated this form 

 in vitro but failed to infect a human 

 being who ingested the cultures. Various 

 other investigators have also cultivated 

 the intestinal trichomonads from mon- 

 keys. As noted above, the writer (Hegner, 

 192.8) apparently set up infections in the 

 vagina of rhesus monkeys with cultures 

 of intestinal trichomonads from the same 

 species of host. Kessel (1924) claims to 

 have infected one of two monkeys by 

 feeding them human intestinal tricho- 

 monads, and also infected kittens by 

 mouth and by rectum with intestinal 

 trichomonads from both man and mon- 

 keys (Kessel, 1926b, 1927). Diarrhea 



accompanied by great numbers of tricho- 

 monads has been described in monkeys, 

 but whether this so-called "flagellate 

 diarrhea" is due to the presence of these 

 organisms is, as in cases of flagellate 

 diarrhea in man, still to be proved. 



The first report of Chilomastix (=Mac- 

 rostoma) (fig. 5a) from a monkey is that 

 of Prowazek (1912), who found it along 

 with amoebae and trichomonads (see 

 above) in a young orang. Bach (192.3) 

 next observed both cysts and trophozoites 

 in an old captive monkey that was also 

 infected with amoebae of the histolytica 

 type (see above). Hegner (1924) reported 

 cysts (fig. 5b) from Cebits apella of South 

 America and Kessel (1924) from Macacus 

 monkeys of China. Cysts of a Chilomastix 

 (C. mesnili var. simiae), obtained by 

 Deschiens (1926) from the chimpanzee 

 and from Macacus sinicus, when fed to 

 young M. sinicus monkeys brought about 

 infection in from 15 to 30 days. Kessel 

 (1924) claims to have infected both 

 of two monkeys by feeding them Chilo- 

 mastix from man. Further observations 

 and experiments are necessary before it can 

 be stated with certainty whether Chilo- 

 mastix from monkeys and man belong to 

 the same or to different species. 



Giardias were first described in a 

 monkey (Cebus caraya) by Fonseca (191 5) 

 in South America. They were next 

 reported by the writer (Hegner, 192.4) 

 from another South American monkey, 

 Atekus geoffroyi. Wenyon (192.6) observed 

 cysts in a young Cercopithecus monkey from 

 West Africa, and Deschiens (1927) records 

 giardias in one Macacus and one Cercopi- 

 thecus monkey and succeeded in transmit- 

 ting them from one macaque to another. 

 Deschiens failed to infect cats with the 

 monkey giardias and Kessel (1924) failed 

 to infect Macacus monkeys with giardias 

 from man. These data show that giardias 

 are widespread in monkeys but do not 



