z 3 6 



THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 



Balantidia were first reported from 

 monkeys by Brooks (1903) in orangs 

 suffering from dysentery in the New York 

 Zoological Gardens; they have since been 

 found in the baboon (Joyeux, 1913), 

 chimpanzee (Christeller, 192.2.; Ziemann, 

 192.5) and in other Old and New World 

 monkeys (Noc, 1908; Brumpt, 1909a; 

 Hegner and Holmes, 19x3). Cunha and 

 Muniz (192.7) have given the name 

 Balantidium aragaoi to specimens they 

 describe from Cebus caraya of Brazil. In 

 about one-half of the cases reported the 



Trypanosomes ov Monkeys 



Fig. 12.. Trypanosoma minasense from a marmoset 

 (X 2.000). (From Wenyon, after Carini.) 



Fig. 13. Trypanosoma sp. from a howler monkey 

 (X 2.000). (From Wenyon, after Brim on t.) 



infected monkeys were diarrheic or dysen- 

 teric; the rest of the infected animals were 

 in the carrier state. 



TRYPANOSOMES OF MONKEYS AND MAN 



The trypanosomes of man are local in 

 their distribution. Trypanosoma gambiense 

 and T. rhodesiense occur in certain regions 

 of Africa, where they are responsible for 

 Gambian and Rhodesian sleeping sickness. 

 T. cru%i, the organism of Chagas' disease, 

 occurs principally in Brazil, but has been 

 reported also from San Salvador, Vene- 

 zuela, and Peru. These three species of 

 trypanosomes all have animal reservoirs. 

 Several species of armadillos appear to be 



natural hosts of T. cru-zj in South America 

 where as many as 50 per cent of these 

 animals have been found infected; the 

 transmitting agent, the bug, Triatoma 

 megista, lives in the armadillo burrows 

 (Chagas, 191 8). Antelope and other wild 

 game have been accused of serving as 

 reservoirs of T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense 

 in Africa in association with the tsetse 

 flies which are the transmitting agents. 

 Man and domestic animals, however, are 

 probably more important reservoirs than 

 wild game. The human trypanosomes 

 can be transmitted by blood inoculation 

 or by means of their transmitting insects 

 to various laboratory animals; among the 

 latter are monkeys. Monkeys have also 

 been reported in endemic regions with 

 what seem to have been natural infections 

 with these three species of trypanosomes. 

 For example, Chagas (19x4) found speci- 

 mens in the monkey, Cbrysothrix sciureus, 

 of Brazil, which, when inoculated into 

 guinea-pigs and dogs, resembled T. cru%i 

 both morphologically and in their effects 

 on these hosts. Various investigators 

 have found trypanosomes in monkeys in 

 Africa that they considered identical with 

 human species. 



Trypanosomes (figs, n, 13) have been 

 reported from over a dozen species of 

 monkeys, including the chimpanzee and 

 gorilla and other Old World and New 

 World species. Some of these monkeys 

 seem to have acquired their infections in 

 a wild state. As many as seven new 

 species or varieties have been described 

 from monkeys, but trypanosomes are not 

 easily distinguishable from one another, 

 and the validity of certain of these new 

 species is in doubt. 



LEISHMANIAS OF MONKEYS AND MAN 



The organisms of kala-azar (Leisbmania 

 donovani), oriental sore (L. tropica - ), and 

 South American leishmaniasis (L. brazil- 



