z 3 8 



THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 



man, both in the structure of the various 

 stages and in the length of the asexual 

 cycle (48 hours). Other so-called species 

 that resemble P. vivax are P. inui (figs. 14, 

 17) (Halberstadter and Prowazek, 1907) 

 and P. cynomolgi (Mayer, 1908) from 

 Macacus monkeys, P. bouillieii (Leger, 

 19ZZ) from Cercopithecus campbelli, P. semno- 

 pitheci (Knowles, 1919) from Semnopithecus 

 entellus, and P. pitheci (Halberstadter and 

 Prowazek, 1907) from the orang. P. 

 brasilianum (fig. 15) recorded by Gonder 

 and Gossler (1908) from a Brazilian 

 monkey, Brachyums calvus, resembles P. 

 malariae, the parasite of quartan malaria 

 in man, and P. reichenow} (fig. 19) (Sluiter, 

 Swellengrebel, and Ihle, 192.x) is said to be 

 similar to P. falciparum of human estivo- 

 autumnal malaria. 



Reichenow (1917, 1910b) has described 

 parasites in chimpanzees and gorillas in 

 the Cameroons that correspond in their 

 various stages to all three of the species 

 that live in man; he believes the organisms 

 of these anthropoid apes to be the same 

 as the human parasites. Similar results 

 were obtained by Blacklock and Adler 

 (19ZZ) from studies of chimpanzees in 

 West Africa. Adler (19Z3) found parasites 

 resembling P. falciparum in z of 13 chim- 

 panzees in Sierra Leone. According to 

 Reichenow (19x00) young animals are 

 more highly parasitized than adults, a 

 fact that is true also in human malaria. 

 Malarial infections in monkeys may be 

 acute or chronic as in man. Quinine 

 appears to be effective against P. kochi 

 (Gonder and Rodenwaldt, 1910) and P. 

 inui (Leger and Bouilliez, 1913). At- 

 tempts to infect mosquitoes by feeding 

 them on malarious monkeys have been 

 mostly negative; Blacklock and Adler 

 (19ZZ) failed to infect Anopheles costalis on 

 a chimpanzee and Mayer (1908) likewise 

 failed to infect Culex pipiens and Aedes 

 argenteus on monkey blood containing 



P. inui, but he observed what he believes 

 were oocysts in Anopheles maculipennis . 

 Cross-infection experiments indicate 

 that host-parasite specificity among the 

 malarial organisms of mon'keys and man 

 is rather rigid. Halberstadter and Prowa- 

 zek (1907) were able to transfer P. pitheci 

 from orang to orang but not to lower 

 monkeys, and P. inui from one Macacus 

 monkey to another but not to orangs. 

 Mayer (1908) reports successful inocula- 

 tions of P. cynomolgi into Macacus cyno- 

 molgus, M. rhesus and a Cercopithecus 

 monkey. Leger and Bouilliez (191Z) were 

 able to infect four species of Macacus, 

 three species of Cercopithecus, and Papio 

 anabis with P. inui, but failed to infect 

 C. fuliginosus and two chimpanzees. 

 Efforts to infect man with blood from 

 monkeys have not succeeded; Gonder and 

 Rodenwaldt (1910) attempted to para- 

 sitize two human beings with P. kochi, 

 and Blacklock and Adler (19ZZ) failed to 

 infect man by subcutaneous and intra- 

 venous injections of malarious blood from 

 chimpanzees. Mesnil and Roubaud (1917, 

 1910) claim to have infected a chimpanzee 

 with human blood containing P. vivax, 

 but attempts by other investigators to 

 transfer infections from man to monkeys 

 have failed (for example, Blacklock and 

 Adler, 19Z4). 



BABESIA OP MONKEYS 



So far as is known to the writer there 

 are no representatives of the genus Babesia 

 that live in man. Babesias, or piro- 

 plasmas, occur especially in cattle, horses, 

 sheep, goats, and dogs, where they may 

 give rise to destructive diseases such as 

 Texas fever in cattle and haemoglobinuric 

 fever in horses. Several apparently 

 authentic cases of Babesia in monkeys are 

 on record. Ross (1905) discovered organ- 

 isms belonging to this genus, to which he 

 gave the specific name pitheci, in a species 



