2-74 



THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 



England and Wales in 1914. England 

 stands at the forefront of civilization in 

 general and of health, hygiene and sani- 

 tation in particular. Man in England 

 represents certainly a high product of 

 human evolution. The population of Sao 

 Paulo is, statistically speaking, a more 

 primitive one, from both a general evo- 

 lutionary viewpoint and from that of 

 public health and sanitation, than that of 

 England and Wales. To take but a single 

 example by way of evidence in support of 

 this statement, the official records state 

 that 1 8.x per cent of the persons married 



in the publications cited. But plainly 

 there is nothing in the mortality of lower 

 animals, as recorded in zoological gardens, 

 which corresponds to the infant mortality. 

 So then the deaths due to these causes 

 were subtracted out of the totals of Class 

 III in making up the last two columns of 

 table 2.. The residue is more nearly com- 

 parable with the mortality placed in this 

 class in the case of the lower animals. 



The first thing which strikes one, upon 

 examining this table, is that broadly the 

 distribution of mortality to organ systems 

 runs parallel in the three orders of lower 



TABLE z 



The distribution among the different organ systems of each 100 biologically classified deaths 



GROTJP 



NUM- 

 BER 



I 

 II 

 III 



IV 

 V 

 VI 

 VII 

 VIII 

 IX 



ORGAN SYSTEM 



Circulatory system, blood 



Respiratory system 



Primary and secondary sex organs 



Kidneys and related excretory organs. . . 



Skeletal and muscular system 



Alimentary tract and associated organs. 



Nervous system and sense organs 



Skin 



Endocrine system 



All biologically classified deaths 99-99 



4-75 



3Z.99 



z.u 



0.88 

 o 



58.56 



3-«5 



37-33 



z.87 



4-5* 



0.37 



50.83 



o.iz 



6.99 

 46.19 



0.64 

 3.9Z 



Z.OI 



38.66 



0.64 



0.3Z 



0.64 



MAN 

 (SAO 

 PAULO 

 1917) 



18.78 

 2.6.94 



1.2.?. 



5.19 



O.44 



39. zz 



6.5Z 

 0.51 



0.07 



99-99 



MAN 



(ENGLAND 



AND 



WALES 



1914) 



2-5 -57 

 33-44 

 3.86 

 4.03 

 1.54 

 zi.40 

 8.91 

 1. 01 

 o.z 3 



99-99 



in the City of Sao Paulo during the year 

 191 8 were illiterate (unable to read or 

 write). 



In one respect the figures in the last two 

 columns of table 2. differ from those pre- 

 viously published (8, 9 and 10) for the 

 same population. In the original treat- 

 ment of the human material on the basis of 

 organological classification of the mortal- 

 ity a portion of the deaths of infants re- 

 corded as due to "premature birth" and to 

 "injuries at birth" were included with the 

 deaths falling in Class III, Primary and 

 Secondary Sex Organs. The reasons for so 

 assigning those deaths were fully discussed 



animals to the condition found in man. 

 This is shown graphically in figure 1. 



It is seen at once that in reptiles, birds, 

 and mammals, just as in man, the two 

 organ systems having the largest mortal- 

 ity chargeable to them are the respiratory 

 and the alimentary systems, with the 

 circulatory system standing third. The 

 other organ systems, which have a low 

 mortality chargeable to them in man, also 

 are concerned in a low mortality in the 

 reptiles, birds, and mammals. This 

 rough, but still evident correspondence 

 between man and the lower orders of ver- 

 tebrates in the organological distribution 



