25 



and has besides introduced quite a number of indepen- 

 dent alterations in the classification, which at any rate 

 in part must be regarded as improvements. Tourne- 

 fort's system has 22, Artedi's 25 classes. These classes 

 are resolved into orders or sections. As a basis of 

 subdivision are principally employed characters present 

 in the appearance and nature of the flower and the 

 fruit, but also in the relative positions of these, one to 

 another. Tournefort paid considerable attention to the 

 two first-named groups of properties; that Artedi, on 

 the other hand, perceived the value of the third, is a 

 great point to his credit, as it was not until far later 

 that its actually great importance in a systematic re- 

 gard was recognised and insisted upon by botanists 

 generally. Of the definite improvements in Artedi's 

 classification, as compared with his predecessor's, some 

 few may be pointed out here. Coniferous trees and the 

 birch-alder group were not differentiated by Tournefort; 

 Artedi classifies them in two sections. The bird-cherry 

 is recognised by Artedi as possessing stone-fruit, and 

 is marked off in a separate section from bilberries, red 

 whortleberries and their congeners; Tournefort, on the 

 other hand, places not only all these but also the elder- 

 tree, the honeysuckle and others in one and the same 

 section. The division in Artedi's work embracing Ribes, 

 Berberis and Rhamnus is of course heterogeneous, yet he 

 has at all events relegated Rubus to another place, which 

 along with some others was classified by Tournefort in 

 the same section as the above. Practically all the crypto- 

 gams are treated by Tournefort as constituting one class 

 of two sections, one of which, however, is also made to 

 include not only algse but corals, bryozoa, spongiae and 

 many other lower-type marine animals. Artedi, again, 

 accords two classes to the cryptogams, containing six 

 sections, viz. 1) algae; 2) lichens and mosses; 3) per- 

 manent tree-fungi (amadou), which appeared to him to 

 differ essentially from: 4) the perishable earth-fungi; 5) 

 typical ferns; and, finally, 6) the Osmunda and hair-moss. 

 Horsetail and nettles, according to Artedi, are far apart 



