300 C. A. SUSSMILCH AND T. \V. E. DAVID. 



4. Germany. — The next area where possible glaciation 

 in Pre-Permian — in this case Culm — time has been sug- 

 gested is contained in a paper by Kalkowsky. 3 



The following summary may be given: — The Upper Oulm 

 in the Frankenwald district of Germauy is estimated to be 

 1500 - 2000 metres in thickness, consisting for the most 

 part of alternating layers of clay shales and greywacke. 



At a point about 2*5 kilometres from Steinbach railway 

 station a remarkable bed of pebbly shale (Gerollschiefer) 

 occurs. The cobbles appear to have been originally of 

 fluviatile origin. They are frequently of the size of a man's 

 head, but their usual diameter is from 5 — 7 cm. Rarely 

 these waterworn blocks attain a diameter of 40 — 50 cm. 

 They are not in close contact with one another, but dis- 

 tributed through the shales "like raisins in dough." Streaks 

 arising from rock pressure are discernible on their surfaces, 

 but no true glacial striae. The band in the Upper Oulm 

 containing these pebbles is about 18 metres thick. This 

 is not considered to be in any sense a littoral deposit. It 

 is removed at least 15-20 kilometres from the shore line 

 of the Oulm. 



It is considered probable that the pebbles have been 

 transported and dumped by floating ice, most likely ground 

 ice, such as, at the present day does so much work in 

 transporting pebbles in the Baltic. Similar pebbles occur 

 in the Upper Culm of Thuringia. 



(O) The "Per mo-Carboniferous" Glaciations (specially 

 in relation to the Upper limit of the Kuttung Series). 



While the lower limit of the Kuttung Series is well 

 defined its upper limit is obscure. At Seaham, as shown 

 on Plate XXII, the upper limit is given as the Brandon 

 Conglomerate, and at Lochinvar (see Plates XIX and XXIII, 



1 Z^itschr. Deut-schen. ireologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. xlv, 1893, pp. 

 69 -86, von Herrn Ern?t Kalkowsky in Jena. 



