CARBONIFEROUS AND PERMO-CARBONIFER013S ROCKS, N.S.W. 325 



8. South America. — At Sao Paulo, in Brazil, in 23° to 

 23° 30' S. Lat. Professor Derby has described what he 

 believes to be a glacial conglomerate of Upper Palaeozoic 

 Age. 



Lepidodendron and Gangamopteris have been found 

 together in Permo-Oarboniferous Rocks at Oandiota in 

 Southern Brazil in the Province of Rio Grande. 1 



The tillite beds are best developed in the State of Parana. 

 It will be seen by reference to Plates XXIX, 7 and XXX, 1, 

 that the tillites, as elsewhere in the "Permo-Carbooiferous" 

 rocks of the Southern Hemisphere, lie at the base of the 

 series. In places, as in the area described by Dr. Wood worth 

 there are three distinct beds of tillite. Above the tillites are 

 coal-measures belonging to the Tuburao Series with an 

 exclusively Gangamopteris Flora, as at Bacchus Marsh, 

 appearing just above the Glacial Beds. Then as shown in 

 Dr. White's classification a Phyllotheca, Glossopteris, 

 Vertebraria, Noeggerathiopsis Hislopl flora succeeds, 

 followed by the flora with Lepidodendron pedroanum, the 

 latter occurring also in the Ecca Beds of South Africa. A 

 Dadoxylon meridionale flora follows, and lastly a flora 

 characterised by Lycopodiopsis Derbyi. 



Above the Tuburao Series comes the Passa Dois Series 

 with remains of Mesosaurus and Stereosternum at its base. 

 These strata eannot be older than Permian, and are followed 

 by Triassic Strata with remains of Scaphonyx. Dr. D. 

 White considers (op. eit., p. 381) that the whole of the 



1 For an excellent general account of the flora of the Santa Catharina 

 System of Southern Brazil, see Final Report on the Work of the Brazilian 

 Coal Commission, by Dr. David White, and for accounts of the glacial 

 horizons, ibid , Pt. I Geology, by Dr. I. C. White, and Annals of the New 

 York Academy of Sciences, Vol. xxn, pp. 9-112, pis. ii - xxi, "Some 

 Factors of Geographical Distribution in South America/' by John D. 

 Haseman ; and Bull. Mus. Comp Zool. Harvard, Vol. lvi, No. 1. Geo- 

 logical Series Vol. x, Shaler Memorial Lectures. Dr. Woodworth. 



