6o Variation of the Human Shoulder-Blade. 
lower scapular index than man. Broca’s observations on t 
characteristics of sex and race of human scapulz are by | 
means satisfactory, owing to the small number of observatio 
The indices of adult Frenchmen were obtained from twen 
three individuals, of which nine were female; and those 
African negroes from twenty-five individuals, of which five we 
female. Apparently one scapula was measured in each case. 
The next year Professor Flower and Dr. Garson measur 
two hundred scapule of Europeans. They admit that it is quite 
was unknown. They counted every scapula measured as 
whether or not its fellow came under observation. They m 
ured also a few scapulz of other races, but the series were fi 
the most part very small. The largest were twenty-one Andam 
scapulz and twelve Australian. 
M. Marius Livon also studied this subject at about the sa 
time, and gave his results in his “Thèse pour le Doctoral 
which appeared in 1879. I have never seen his essay, 
know it only by references to it by Sir William Turner? and 
M. Manouvrier2 He measured the bones of seventy- 
_ Frenchmen and fifty-one Frenchwomen, 
Negroes, Andamanese, and Australians have higher ind 
which means broader scapulz, and consequently of a lower 
Broca points out, however, in his remarks about negroes, t 
this is true only of the mean, and that individuals of both cla 
are found to vary very much from it, Indeed, the anthro 
makes their infra-spinous angle more characteristic. 
Broca claimed that, in spite of the great individual variati 
this method is of value when applied to groups. 
I began a series of measurements of human and of anthropo 
166 Challenger” Reports, vol, xvi. : eee 
° Revue d’Anthropologie, zme série, tome iii., 1889. - 
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