644 The American Naturalist. [July, 
a complete circle in the more generalized forms (in Hepialide 
several complete circles), the hooklets in the latter more special- 
ized groups, usually forming a semicircle situated on the inner 
side of the planta. 
This sub-order may be sub-divided into two series of super- 
families and families, the Paleolepidoptera and the Neolepidop- 
tera. 
I. PALEOLEPIDOPTERA (Pupæ libere). 
The characters of this group are those of Micropteryx, whose 
larva has a well-developed spinneret; though it has no ab- 
dominal legs, the other features are so truly lepidopterous that 
the absence of legs may be the result of reduction by disease, 
rather than a primitive feature. 
The pupa (Fig. 4) has entirely free antenne, mouth-parts 
and limbs, and bears considerable resemblance to that of a 
caddis-fly. The mandibles are enormous, and, as described by 
Chapman, are adapted for cutting through the dense coccoon. 
The maxillz are separate and curved up on each side and ` 
partly concealed by the labial palpi, not extending straight 
down as in the Pupx incomplete and obtecte ; the maxillary 
palpi situated just in front of the mandibles extend outward 
and forward, reaching to the antennw. The labrum is deeply 
cleft and strongly setose, as is the epicranium ; the clypeus is 
square, with a singular, white, delicate membrane, the use of 
which is unknown. The hind legs extend beyond the end of 
the abdomen, which is simple, not terminating in a cremaster ; 
the sides of the segments bear a single large seta. 
The trunk characters are much as in Eriocephala. The head 
is larger and squarer, the eyes very small; there are two ocelli 
present; the clypeus and labrum short and small. 
The prothorax is very much reduced, much as in Erioce- 
phala; the metathoracic scuta show an advance over those of 
Eriocephala in being united on the median line instead of 
separated; the metoscutellum is very large, larger and more 
scutellate than that of Eriocephala. 
The shape and venation of the wings (Fig. 5) are nearly 
identical with those of Eriocephala, being long, narrow and 
