1895.] On a New Classification of the Lepidoptera. 639 
which extends close to the inner side, is coalesced with it and 
in position, shape, as well as its appendages or teeth on the 
edge may be regarded as nothing else than the hypopharynx.” 
While he refers to Burgess’ discovery of a hypopharynx in 
Danais archippus, he remarks that this organ in the lower 
Micropteryginæ (Eriocephalidæ) exhibits a great similarity to 
the relations observable in the lower insects, adding: “ The 
furrow is here within coalesced with the inner side of the 
labium, and though I see in the entire structure of the head 
the inner edge of the ligula-tube extended under the epi- 
pharynx as far as the mandible; I must also accept the fact 
that hère also the hypopharynx extends to the mouth-opening, 
as in all other sucking insects with a full-developed under lip, 
viz., the Diptera and Hymenoptera.” 
Another feature of importance, diagnostic of this suborder, 
is the mandible (Fig. 2), which, in form, size and the teeth are 
closely related to those of the lower mandibulate orders, being, 
as Walter states, in the form of true gnawing jaws, like those 
of the biting insects. They possess powerful chitinous teeth 
on the opposed cutting edges, 12 to 15 on each mandible, and 
also the typical articulating hook-like processss by which they 
are joined to the gena, and corresponding cavities are in the 
latter. In Micropteryx and other of the more generalized 
moths, the mandibles in a very reduced form here survive as 
functionless vestiges of the condition in Eriocephala. 
Turning now to the head and trunk, we find other primi- 
tive characters correlated with those just mentioned. 
The head is of moderate size, as wide as the body, with 
small compound eyes, and with two ocelli. The occipital 
region is well developed, as in the epicranium ; the clypeus 
and labrum are of moderate size. 
The generalized nature of the thorax is especially. note- 
worthy. The prothorax is seen to be very much reduced, the 
two tergites being separate and minute, not readily seen from 
above. The rest of the ERES is very long, exhibiting but lit- 
tle concentration. 
The mesothorax is but slightly larger than the metathorax, 
the mesoscutum is very short, the scutellum rather triangular 
than scutellate. 
