1895]. Psychology. 689 
of the organism to secure and to retain its vital stimulus,” (P. 216) 
while by Accommodation the organism “learns new adjustments 
simply by exercising the movements which it already has, its habits, 
in a heightened or excessive way.” 
Prof. Baldwin then undertakes to apply these principles to the expla- 
tion of the phenomena of life, especially of human life. The first prob- 
lem attacked is the origin of motor attitudes and expressions, which 
includes the theory of emotion. In the psychophysics of emotion in 
general the three factors, Dynamogenesis, Habit and Accommodation 
are clearly traceable. By the first every element of content must 
have its motor expression, but as no two contents are ever exactly the 
same, our reactions are constantly being modified by new motor 
elements. Habit, it is true, tends to diminish the amount of con- 
sciousness found in the reaction, but on the other hand, by increas- 
ing the total motor disturbance, it increases the consciousness of 
movement, which is a chief element in all emotion. It is, therefore, a 
factor in the genesis of emotion. By virtue of Accommodation such 
of the new elements contributed by Dynamogenesis as are useful 
to the organism get associated with and modify the old, thus increas- 
ing the total content of the emotional state. To this must be added 
the pleasures and pains of Attention, itself, as later to be shown, a 
form of motor accommodation. When we come to examine the 
special forms of emotion we find that the laws of expression formulated 
by other writers, such as the principles of antagonism, of direct motor 
discharge and of analogous feeling stimuli are readily explained as 
varying expressions of the laws above given. But we must note that 
in the individual the acquisition of emotional expression depends 
largely upon imitation. 
Returning now to the fundamental type of reaction, we find that it. 
involves: Stimulus—increased vitality—excess discharge ( “ random 
movements”) towards source of stimulation—accidental securing of 
the beneficial stimulus by some one of these movements, thereby tend- 
ing to make the same reaction easier—repetition of the process. This is 
best described as a circular reaction, since it tends to repeat itself, and 
as its nearest conscious analogue is found in imitation the whole class 
may be termed imitative. In the simplest form, as above described, 
it may be termed organic imitation. An examination of the 
responses to stimulations found in the lower forms of life, both animal 
and vegetable, shows that reactions of this type are coextensive with 
life itself. But in the higher forms, in which consciousness has been 
developed, the reaction assumes new forms. ‘The stimulus produces 
