692 The American Naturalist. (July, — 
reactions and those that represent the imitative tendency itself become 
habitual. The first finds its expression in the community in conserva- 
tism ; the second in liberalism. : 
VoLirion involves desire, deliberation and effort.—Desire consists 
of “(1) a pictured object suggesting associated experiences which 
it is not sufficient to realize, and (2) an incipent motor reaction 
which the pictured object stimulates but does not discharge.” (P. 368.) 
Thus the germs of desire are present whenever a nascent movement is 
inhibited, but it is only when the representative element is added 
that it becomes typical desire. As desire arises from inhibited 
reactions, so does deliberation arise from the competition of reactions 
by the addition of analogous representative elements. Effort arises 
upon the resolution of a state of deliberation. 
In persistent imitation we have the earliest form of volition. The 
“copy” is given and provokes a movement which only partially 
reproduces it. The apprehension of the movement as actually per- 
formed now constitutes a momentum prompting its repetition, but the 
original “ copy ” still persists, prompting a slightly different movement 
—out of the competition.of these two reactions is formed a third, from 
these three a fourth, and so on until the movement as performed and 
the persistent “ copy ” prompt to the same movement—that is until 
the movement is successful. The sense of effort is due, as above 
shown, to the co-ordination or two or more such reactive tendencies. 
Thus we find in volition “the point of meeting of two principles, 
Habit and Accommodation, and their common function.” 
In the highest exhibition of reflective volition there is “ no depar- 
ture in type, however wide a departure it be in meaning and implica- 
tions for philosophy—from the first organic reactions of organic life. 
Habit is formed in the face of suggestion through persistent imitation 
and volition, and Habit, made organic in character, is modified in 
turn by changed environment, which is reacted to by imitation and 
volition.” (P. 388.) Prof. Baldwin then proceeds to present a mass 
of special evidence for the doctrines above outlined from the early 
life of infants, from some experiments made on students, from the 
intimate relation of attention to voluntary movement, from the phe- 
nomena of partial or total aboulia, especially as found in hysteria, 
idiocy and the various disturbances of speech. This last is of especial 
interest but is too technical in character to be given in abstract. Then 
follows a chapter on the Mechanism of Revival and Internal Speech 
and Song of which the same may be said. It is intended to illustrate 
the application of the theory to detailed instances. 
