1895.] Botany. 845 
BOTANY:' 
Summer-School Botany in the Mountains.—It may be of 
interest to teachers of botany in schools and colleges to know what has 
been found possible to accomplish in a short course in the Colorado 
Summer School of Science, Philosophy and Languages the present year. 
The school was held in the city of Colorado Springs at the foot of 
Pike’s Peak, within easy reach of the vegetation of the plains, the 
cafions, foot-hills, and the strictly alpine regions. The numerous 
brooks and mountain streams supplied an abundance of aquatic forms, 
while the damp cañons furnished all kinds of fungous growths. Lich- 
ens, mosses and ferns were found in abundance, so that every section of 
the vegetable kingdom was well represented. Good rooms for lecture 
and laboratory work were set aside in the High-School. building. The 
following outline was followed, with slight variation : 
THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. 
I. (a)—Cells. Protoplasm. Nucleus. The formation of new cells. 
Chlorophyll. Starch. Crystals. 
II. (6)—Tissues. Rudimentary tissues. Permanent tissues. 
III. (¢)—The Plant Skeleton. Epidermis. The Fleshy Tissues. 
IV. (d)—The Plant-Body. Homologies and Analogies. Transfor- 
mation of parts. 
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANTS. 
V. (a)—Water in the plant as a whole; in the protoplasm; in the 
cell walls. Source of water; movement of water; evaporation of 
water. Plant food; the compounds used ; how obtained ; how trans- 
ported in the plant. Starch-making (carbon-assimilation); other 
assimilations. 
I. (6)—Growth. Effects of Heat and Light on Plants. The sen- 
sibilities of plants. The movements of plants. 
CLASSIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS. 
VEL General laws of classification. Relationship. Distribution of 
plants in space and time. 
THE LOWER WATER-PLANTS. 
VIII. (a)—The simplest plants (Class 1, Schizophycew), Water 
Slimes, Nostocs, and Bacteria. 
IX. (6)—The Green Algæ (Class 2, Chlorophycee), Green Slimes, 
Pond-scums, Green-felts, Confervas, and their near relatives. 
l Edited by Prof. C. E. Bessey, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 
