1887] The Significance of Sex. 37 
bodies. In this way Carnoy and Gaule have shown that such 
stains as hematoxylin and carmine are not tests for chromatin in 
a restricted sense, but that we must use safranin and methyl 
green. It is indeed a remarkable property of the idioplasm that 
it has a special affinity for aniline dyes. 
In connection with the segmentation of the chromatin comes 
up the question of individuality. Is a multinucleated cella single 
cell? If we understand that the chromatin is composed of many 
small units, like the soldiers in an army, we see that it can divide 
into bodies of various sizes, and these bodies can fuse again, just 
as the different divisions of an army may combine for any opera- 
tion and separate once more for other duties. Such phenomena 
of the multiplication of centres of chromatin activity are illus- 
trated in Figs. 1, 24, 25, 31, 42, and 48, or bya colony of flagel- ° 
lates, of hydroids, or by a tree. 
Are all the bodies we see, such as nucleoli and geinales i ina 
nucleus, the result of d:mary divisions or of simultaneous seg- 
mentation of a single nucleolus, or are they produced by a sort 
of general dissolution? Conversely, what are the laws by which 
the different orders of bodies from granules to nucleoli are built 
up? This question is to a large extent obscure as yet. The 
phenomena to be explained in this connection are illustrated by 
Figs. 14, 15, 19, 26, 50-63. Even nuclei fuse (as see Figs. 94 and 
97, ¢), and the sexual nuclei. 
In some low forms of cells and in higher cells degraded by 
parasitism, such as yeasts and moulds, the nucleus may never 
take on the form of a compact body, but be present in the proto- 
plasm in a diffused or granular condition. (See Figs. 14 and 15.) 
In karyokinesis and in maturation or development of nuclei, there . 
seem to be phases in which this condition is represented. 
Finally, we consider those forms of nuclei and of nucleoli 
where the spherical or elliptical shape is departed from to a large 
extent. Such are the fi/amentous nuclei. These are usually mo- 
niliform, being due to incomplete segmentation and to growth in 
one direction. (See Figs. 7, 19, d, 20, 3, c, 28, 30, 6, 31, 41, and 42.) 
In the higher tissue-cells, the chief nucleolus is present in this 
form, often being exceedingly long, and wound about in a way so 
as to give a reticulated appearance to the chromatin. It has 
been termed the 4nduel by the Germans, which term means a 
tangle, usually termed a “skein” in English works on pulang a 
