120 The Taconic Question Restated. [ Feb. 
Vanuxem, having in view the contradiction between the 
opinions of Eaton and Emmons on the one hand and those of 
Mather on the other, suggested that to the lower or Frankfort 
division might belong the thick masses of strata “ of controverted 
age” along the Hudson valley. Notwithstanding the evidence 
put forward by him as to the distinctness of these two divisions, 
Vanuxem, apparently for the purpose of avoiding controversy, 
included both the Frankfort and the Pulaski divisions under the 
collective name of the “ Hudson River group.” That these two 
divisions were, moreover, supposed by him to be associated with 
a still older series lithologically resembling them appears from 
his language when he wrote of “the difficulty of separating or 
distinguishing the slaty and schistose members of the Hudson 
River group from those of greater age with which, along their 
eastern border, the two [divisions] are more or less, really or 
‘apparently, blended.” In fact, as appears from the observations 
of Vanuxem in Pennsylvania, and as will be further shown else- 
where, the Hudson River group of Vanuxem included alike the 
Transition Argillite, the First Graywacke, and portions of the 
Second Graywacke. The subsequent palzontological studies of 
James Hall in New York for many years, however, had chiefly 
to do with the uppermost division of this heterogeneous assem- 
blage, and hence the name of Hudson River group has come to 
be very generally regarded as synonymous with Loraine shales. 
§ 10. Meanwhile, Emmons came forward as the champion of 
the views of Eaton, and while his field of official labor did not 
extend to the regions occupied by the rocks now in question, de- 
clared in his final Report on the Geology of the Northern District 
of New York, that some account of them was necessary to a 
correct understanding of the relations of the Champlain division. 
A curious contradiction is, however, apparent in the volume in 
| tion, in certain parts of which the views of Mather are set 
forth, while in others Emmons remains faithful to the teachings 
of his master, which he ever afterwards followed. As regards 
the great belt called by Eaton the First Graywacke, we find, in 
the account of the Champlain division, described as belonging to 
ae 3 _ the Pulaski or Loraine horizon, the belt of red and purple slates 
~ with red sandstones extending “through the higher parts of 
| Columbia, Rensselaer, and Washington Counties” in New York, 
= onward Mo Vermont into Canada.” Aan we are 
