- 1887] History of Garden Vegetables, 127 
after became a staple article of food over a great part of the 
peninsula. It seems quite certain that no descriptions I can find 
in Dioscorides and Theophrastus among the Greeks, nor in Col- 
umella, Palladius, and Pliny among the Romans, but that can 
with better grace be referred to the cardoon than to the artichoke. 
To the writers of the sixteenth century the artichoke and its uses 
were wellknown. “Le Jardinier Solitaire,” an anonymous work 
published in 1612, recommends three varieties for the garden. 
The most prominent distinction between the plants, as grown 
in the garden, is the presence or absence of spines. Although J. 
Bauhin, in 1651, says that seed from the same plant may pro- 
duce both sorts, and I have verified the observation, yet I can- 
not but believe that this comes from the cross-fertilization be- 
tween the kinds, and that this absence or presence of spines is a 
true distinction. Tragus describes both forms in 1552, as do the 
majority of succeeding writers. 
The form of the heads form a second division, the conical- 
headed and the globe. 
I. The Conical-headed. Of the varieties sufficiently described 
by Vilmorin, four belong to this class, and they are all spiny. 
This form seems to constitute the French artichoke of English 
writers. The following synonymy seems justifiable : 
Scolymus. Trag., 1552, 866, cum tc 
Carduus, vulgo Carciofi. 1. Matth., 1 58, 322. 
Carduus aculeatus. Cam. Epit., 1586, 438, cum tc.; Matth., 
ed. of 1598, 496, cum ic. 
Thistle, or Prickly Artichoke. Lyte’s Dod., 1586, 603. 
Cinara sylvestris. Ger., 1597, 291, fig. - 
— sive Scolymus sativus, spinosus. J. Bauhin, 1651, iii. 
48, cum ic. 
Saar Violet. Quintyne, 1693, 187; 1704, 178. 
Contcal-headed Green French. Mawe, 1778. 
French Artichoke. Mill. Dict., 1807; Am. Gard. Books, 1806, 
1819, 1828, 1832, etc. 
Vert de Provence. Vilm., 1883, 16. 
De Roscoff. Vilm., L c. 
De Saint Laud oblong. Vilm., 1. c. 
Sucre de Genes. Vilm., 1. c. 
Etc. 
z J. Bauhin, Hist., 1651, iii. 48. 
VOL. XXI.—NO, 2. 9 
* 
