1887] Zoology. 193 
Length of upper molar series measured on the alveolz 10.40 
Length of upper molar series measured on the crowns 8.30 
Distance between alveolz of upper molar series anteriorly 2.70 
Distance between alveolz of upper molar series posteriorly 4.40 
Width of pterygoid fossa 2. 
pex of post-palatal notch to foramen magnum ry: 
Hei cranium from inferior lip of foramen magnum 11.20 
Fronto-palatal depth (taken at middle of molar series) 11.80 
Greatest length of single mandible (exclusive of incisors) 29.30 
istance from incisors to first molar (on ) 
Length of under molariform series measured on the alveolæ 9. 
. Hart Merriam. 
Zoological News.—Sponces.—Franz Vejdovsky points out that 
the recently described Spongilla glomerata Noll is the same as 
Sp. fragilis described by Dr. Leidy in 1851, and since described 
under several different names. He also gives a list of the known 
fresh-water sponges of Europe, enumerating eight species dis- 
tributed among the genera Euspongilla, Spongilla, Trochospon- 
gilla, Ephydatia, and Carterius. 
EcuHINODERMs.—C. F. and P. B. Sarasin describe (Zool. Anzet- 
ger, ix. pp. 80-82, 1886) the poison apparatus of the leather-urchin, 
Cyanosoma urens, a new genus and species. From the integu- 
ment arise slender stalks bearing on their extremities strong 
connective-tissue poison-sacs. 
Hubert Ludwig, in the same journal (p. 472), describes a six 
radiate condition in Cucumaria doliolum. Out of about one hun- 
dred and fifty half-grown specimens which he obtained at Naples, 
five had this peculiar structure, which affected not only the tenta- 
cles and ambulacra, but made itself evident in the internal organs. 
Such variations are extremely rare among the Holothurians. 
Worms.—Dr. H. Schauinsland has a note (Zool. Anzeiger, ix. 
574, 1886) upon the excretory and genital organs of the Pria- 
pulidæ, a family of Gephyrean worms, in which he points out 
that the so-called genital organs of these animals are not simply 
genital in function, but that, in fact, they are but portions of the 
ducts of the excretory organs, the epithelium of which gives rise 
to the genital products. He also states that these worms differ 
from the other Gephyrea in that the ova and spermatozoa do not 
escape: into the body cavity, but are directly expelled into the sea. 
In a paper read before the Linnean Society of New South 
Wales, June 30, 1886, Mr. J. J. Fletcher described six new species 
of earth-worms from Australia in addition to the three previously 
known. Of these, two belonged to the genus Perichzta, two to 
Notoscolex (a new genus), while two new genera, Didymogaster 
and Cryptodrilus, are created for the other two. Those pre. 
viously known belong to the genera Lumbricus, Digaster, and 
Megascolides. 
Prof. R. Ramsay Wright described at the meeting of the 
